Industrial personnel such as workers, junior officers, managers, and executives face considerable levels of occupational psychological distress because of heavy burdens, longer working hours, and time- related demands. The goal of this study was to investigate the aspects that contribute to job stress in nurses and see how top management assistance can help them deal with it. The focus of this research is on “The Pervasiveness of Psychological Distress among Employees with the Moderating Role of Management Support: Evidence from the Manufacturing Sector”. The study had a sample size of 400 employees; data was collected through online questionnaires and was collected by convenient sampling. Result analysis was carried out on SPSS version 21. Correlation analysis and moderated regression analysis were performed to test all formulated hypotheses. It was evident from our analyzed results that moderator i.e. the association between workload and management support is positively moderated by management support, job insecurity, and psychological distress respectively. The limitations to our study were the small sample size and common method bias due to self-report. It was suggested that more research be done using the data, included in this study with the combination of more variables and with increased sample size and using the data provided in strategically planning for similar psychological distress levels.

This study aimed to investigate the causes of resource-based conflict between pastoralists and farmers communities in Rufiji district. The study adopted cross-section research design in data collection, management and analysis as well as deductive research approach methodology. The population of the study included farmers and pastoralists undertaking agricultural activities in the study area. The study employed stratified and simple random sampling procedures to select study sample size where a total of 156 farmers and pastoralists were engaged. Questionnaire was used to gather quantitative data from farmers and pastoralists which was administered by the researcher. Data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics analysis through SPSS version 26. The study revealed that, climate change has led to increased resource based conflicts between farmers and pastoralists in Rufiji Districts. The findings also show that, scarce land resources has led to increased conflicts between farmers and pastoralists in Rufiji Districts. The study concluded that, climate change has association with scarcity of land resources that fuel conflicts between farmers and pastoralists. The study recommended the government to find ways of supporting the communities with access to water and land that can enable pastoralists and farmers to meet their needs of resources without confrontation. The elders between the parties in the conflict should maintain effective communication to address the problems based on their experience.

Background and Objectives: Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) is a vital blood test used for analysis, measuring how much iron the blood protein, transferritin can transport indicating how the body can carry iron and also aid in the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia and other disorders of iron metabolism. Haematocrit is a vital component of a complete blood count (CBC). It measures the percentage of red blood cells (RBCs) in the total volume of blood. Total Iron Binding Capacity and Haematocrit Value remain global public health concerns, particularly among male and female patients. The aim of the study was to assess total iron binding capacity and haematocrit levels among male and female patients of Federal Medical Centre Makurdi, Benue State. Materials and Methods: A total number of 50 male and female patients were recruited for the study, comprising of 25 male and 25 female patients. The study was conducted using a cross-sectional design. 5 mL of whole blood was collected from each patient venepuncture and was dispense into a plain container and Ethylendiamine tetracetic acid. The coagulated blood in the plain container was spun to retrieve the serum and the serum was stored at -20°C in another plain tube. Serum iron and unsaturated iron binding capacity were analyzed by Spectrophotometric method while Haematocrit value was obtained using the Microhematocrit Method. Results: From the results of the study, P-value was shown to be lesser than 0.05 (P<0.05) in haematocrit, and greater than 0.05 (P>0.05) in Total Iron Binding Capacity. It can therefore be said that there were statistically significant values among the means of the different age and gender groups for haematocrit; and there were no statistically significant values among the means of the different age and gender groups for Total Iron Binding Capacity. It further shows that the Mean±SD of Haematocrit for females (18-19 years), females (20-29 years), males (18-19 years) and males (20-29 years) were 33.50±4.212, 34.53±4.547, 45.25±4.583, and 42.59±4.251 respectively. While for TIBC, it was 314.30±50.526, 329.27±44.682, 335.13±40.304, and 318.18±61.580 respectively. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the means and see if the results revealed at least one that differed from the other. Conclusion: The Null hypothesis which states that there is no significant difference in total iron binding capacity and haematocrit levels between male and female patients is therefore accepted, and the Alternative hypothesis of the study rejected. Hence, the study concludes that Haematocrit and Total Iron Binding Capacity levels were elevated in males and decreased in females.

Isoeugenol is a major constituent from the essential oil of Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang) and is also common in other spice oils. Contrary to eugenol, the physical appearance of isoeugenol varies from white crystalline (trans-isoeugenol) to a pale yellow liquid (cis-isoeugenol). Plants synthesize isoeugenol like other VPs as a defence compound against animals and micro-organisms, as well as attracting pollinators. Isoeugenol is one of several structurally similar phenylpropenoid compounds produced by plants. As a fragrance with a spicy, carnation-like odour, isoeugenol is incorporated into numerous household and personal hygiene products due to the pleasant spicy, carnation-like fragrance. As a flavouring agent, it is used in drinks, baked foods and chewing gums. Isoeugenol is known for its anti-infective properties and has been found to possess high antibacterial and antifungal activities. For these reasons, this phenylpropene molecule has been used as a preservative and a medicinal agent (EFSA, 2012; Nazzaro et al., 2013). Even though isoeugenol has been the least studied of all the VPs, noteworthy efficacies against Mycobacterium smegmatis (25 ?g/mL), and the fungi Laetiporus sulphureus at 27.6 ?g/mL, have certainly shown promising activity. It is thus, recommended that the anti-infective properties against other micro-organisms be given more attention against this lesser studied molecule. Its analogues also show many biological activities which prompted us to synthesize few more analogues for their future application as bioactive molecules. All these analogues were extensively purified by chromatographic techniques and unambiguously characterized by 1H NMR, IR, elemental analysis and Mass spectral data. These molecules were screened for their potential antibacterial activity against certain Gram positive and Gram negative cultures. Few of them posses promising antibacterial activity.

The purpose of this study is to examine consumer awareness, challenges faced, and satisfaction levels related to general insurance products among policyholders in Coimbatore district. Using a structured questionnaire, data were collected from 200 respondents. The study identifies the current level of awareness, key problems encountered in policy purchase and claims, and overall satisfaction with services provided by general insurance companies. Findings indicate moderate awareness, significant challenges in claim settlement processes, and varied satisfaction levels based on service quality and product understanding. This study offers suggestions to enhance awareness and consumer satisfaction.

Health insurance plays a crucial role in protecting individuals and families from the financial burden of rising medical expenses. Middle class families, despite having relatively stable incomes, often face significant challenges in meeting healthcare costs due to limited awareness and understanding of health insurance schemes. The present study aims to examine the level of awareness, perception, and utilization of health insurance among middle class families. It also attempts to identify the factors influencing the purchase of health insurance policies and the problems faced by policyholders. The study is based on both primary and secondary data, with primary data collected through a structured questionnaire from selected middle class households. Secondary data were gathered from journals, reports, and official publications. Statistical tools such as percentage analysis and simple descriptive methods were used for data interpretation. The findings of the study reveal that while awareness about health insurance has increased in recent years, there is still a gap in detailed knowledge regarding policy benefits, coverage, and claim procedures. The study concludes that improved financial literacy, effective awareness programs, and transparent policy information are essential to enhance health insurance coverage among middle class families.

The prevention of violence against children represents a critical public policy challenge that requires effective implementation at the local government level to ensure the protection and fulfillment of children’s rights. This study aims to analyze the implementation of policies for preventing violence against children in Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow Selatan, with particular attention to planning, implementation, supervision, and determinant factors influencing policy performance. The research employed a descriptive qualitative approach, using in-depth interviews, non-participant observation, and document analysis to capture empirical evidence from policy implementers and relevant stakeholders. Data were analyzed inductively to identify patterns related to organizational capacity, communication, information systems, and task distribution. The findings indicate that policy implementation generally adheres to existing regulatory frameworks and administrative procedures and is supported by integrated mechanisms involving prevention, service delivery, case handling, assistance, and rehabilitation. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of these policies remains constrained by limited human resource capacity, uneven allocation of roles and responsibilities, and insufficient policy socialization to the community, which together reduce the preventive impact and contribute to the persistence of violence cases. The study highlights the importance of strengthening institutional capacity, improving communication and information systems, and enhancing supervision to achieve more effective and sustainable child violence prevention. These findings underscore the significance of aligning policy design with local implementation capacity and provide practical insights for improving child protection policies at the regional level.

This article evaluates the food security gains derived from Malawi’s Social Cash Transfer Programme (SCTP) with a focus on Malasa Village in Nkhotakota District. Using evidence drawn from primary data collected through household surveys, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions, the study assesses how cash transfers have influenced household food consumption patterns, nutrition, and overall well-being. The findings indicate notable improvements in the number of daily meals, dietary diversity, and the duration households maintain adequate food supplies. In addition, the SCTP has enhanced beneficiaries’ resilience against economic shocks and contributed to sustainable livelihoods. These results provide empirical insights for policymakers, development partners, and practitioners working on social protection and food security interventions in Malawi and similar contexts.

This study examined the impact of transformational leadership on entrepreneurial success, defined through profitability, innovation adoption, and market expansion, among food and beverage small and medium-sized enterprises in Nigeria's South-East and South-South regions, while assessing the moderating effects of individualised consideration on innovation outcomes. A quantitative cross-sectional survey collected data from 250 owners and senior managers of registered small and medium-sized enterprises using a structured questionnaire that included the 20-item Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire Short Form and a 15-item entrepreneurial success scale, both measured on 5-point Likert scales. Multi-stage sampling ensured regional balance from an estimated population of 1,200 firms per the Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria records. Reliability was confirmed with Cronbach's alphas of 0.91 and 0.87, respectively, and validity through factor analysis. Structural equation modelling in AMOS analyses paths, with model fit indices indicating adequacy. Results revealed a strong positive effect of transformational leadership on entrepreneurial success (? = 0.673, p < 0.001). Individualised consideration significantly moderated innovation impacts (? = 0.248, p = 0.003), though regional and firm size effects were not significant. These results assert the fundamental roles of transformational leadership contributing to resilience of small and medium-sized enterprises, provide theoretical extensions of full-range leadership theory in emerging market, and practical blueprints of leadership training in agencies such as small and medium enterprises development agency of Nigeria, policymakers in promoting non-oil development, and entrepreneurs in overcoming volatility.

The study assessed the role of the Police Gender Desk(PGD) in fighting gender-based violence (GBV) amidstincreased cases of GBV in Arusha region, Tanzania. Both quantitative and qualitative techniques were used where questionnaires, interview, focus group discussion, and documentary review were used as key data collection methods. The study reached total of 100 participants across northern Tanzania, applied key informant interviews, focused group discussion as well as questionnaire.The study employed descriptive methods whereby collected data, after being processed by computer through SPSS package in which data where tabulated in tables and percentage, then calculated so as to facilitate the interpretation as well as drawing a conclusion. The study revealed numbers of challenges included limited resources, inadequate training, societal norms and attitudes towards gender-based violence, lack of coordination with other agencies, and institutional barriers within the police force

The present study examines work stress, defence mechanisms, and emotional well-being among staff members of Vidhyadeep University using a psychoanalytic perspective. Psychoanalytic theory explains that stress often activates unconscious conflicts, and individuals attempt to reduce anxiety by employing defence mechanisms. A descriptive survey method was adopted for this study. The sample consisted of 60 staff members (teaching and non-teaching) selected through random sampling. Data were collected using a Work Stress Scale (self-developed), a Defence Mechanism Inventory (standard tool), and an Emotional Well-Being Scale (standard tool). Statistical techniques such as mean, standard deviation, percentage analysis, Pearson correlation, and independent sample t-test were used. Findings showed that most staff members had moderate levels of work stress. Commonly used defence mechanisms were rationalization, denial, and displacement. A negative correlation was found between work stress and emotional well-being, indicating that higher stress is associated with lower emotional well-being. The study highlights the importance of staff counselling and emotional support programs at the university level.

Financial inclusion has been widely promoted as a strategy for advancing women’s empowerment and inclusive development, it’s also transformative potential remains uneven across social and economic dimensions. This study examines the role of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in promoting financial inclusion and analyzes its implications for women’s empowerment, agency and socio-economic transformation through a secondary, descriptive and analytical research design. Drawing on a systematic synthesis of peer-reviewed journal articles, doctoral theses and institutional reports published between 2019 and 2024, the study integrates evidence across financial, economic, social and agency-based dimensions of empowerment. The findings indicate that SHG-led financial inclusion has been most effective in enhancing women’s access to savings and credit, thereby strengthening economic participation and livelihood security. The study further demonstrates that while SHGs function as critical entry points for empowerment, financial inclusion alone is insufficient to achieve sustained socio-economic transformation without supportive institutional, social and policy frameworks. By offering an integrated analytical framework that links financial inclusion with multidimensional empowerment outcomes, the study contributes to the literature on gender-responsive development and underscores the need for holistic approaches to inclusive growth.

Malware has emerged as one of the most significant and persistent threats in modern computing environments due to the rapid expansion of internet connectivity, cloud services, and software distribution platforms. Malicious software today encompasses a wide range of threats including viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware, spyware, and advanced persistent threats (APTs), many of which are designed to evade traditional detection mechanisms. Conventional antivirus solutions predominantly rely on signature-based detection techniques, which require prior knowledge of malware patterns and are therefore ineffective against zero-day attacks, polymorphic malware, and heavily obfuscated binaries. This paper presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of a Malware Detection System using Machine Learning that addresses these challenges through a hybrid analysis approach. The proposed system integrates static analysis, which examines intrinsic file characteristics without execution, and dynamic behavior analysis, which studies runtime activities obtained from sandbox execution logs. By combining these complementary feature sets, the system achieves improved detection accuracy and robustness against evasion techniques. The malware detection pipeline is implemented as a secure, web-based application that allows users to upload executable files for analysis. Uploaded files are processed in an isolated environment to ensure host system safety. A supervised machine learning model, trained on trusted public datasets, classifies files as benign or malicious, predicts likely malware families, and estimates severity levels to aid risk assessment. This paper provides a comprehensive engineering-oriented documentation of the system, including detailed system architecture, system modeling, data flow diagrams, UML diagrams, methodology, implementation details, and testing strategies.
Experimental evaluation using standard performance metrics demonstrates high classification accuracy and a low false-negative rate, validating the suitability of the proposed system for practical deployment and academic evaluation.

In recent years, unaccredited or “fly by night” higher education institutions have increasingly proliferated across Africa, presenting a complex challenge for students, employers, and national education systems. These institutions often operate without formal recognition from national quality assurance agencies, offering programmes that promise rapid degrees with minimal academic engagement or oversight. Students are frequently attracted by low entry barriers, flexible study options, and the allure of quick credentials, yet these advantages come at a significant cost. Through a qualitative document analysis of regulatory reports, media investigations, and policy discussions, this study explores the defining characteristics of these institutions and the consequences of student engagement with them. The findings reveal that students often incur substantial financial losses and receive qualifications that carry little value in employment markets or for further academic progression. Many also encounter obstacles in professional registration or admission to legitimate programmes, leading to frustration, delayed career paths, and eroded trust in formal education systems. While national regulatory bodies across African countries have implemented warnings, monitoring efforts, and closure campaigns, enforcement gaps and limited public awareness continue to enable the persistence of these providers. The study underscores the need for strengthened verification mechanisms, coordinated policy responses across borders, and comprehensive educational campaigns to guide prospective students in distinguishing accredited institutions from fraudulent ones. Implications also extend to employers, who must implement reliable credential verification processes, and to policymakers, who are encouraged to foster regional cooperation in higher education quality assurance. By highlighting both systemic and individual-level impacts, this research contributes to understanding how unaccredited institutions affect the integrity, equity, and effectiveness of higher education across Africa.

Background: Adherence to safety precautions among healthcare workers (HCWs) is fundamental to preventing healthcare-associated infections and occupational exposures. A disparity between knowledge and practice remains a critical challenge, as noted in previous studies in similar settings [8, 9]. Objective: To assess the level of knowledge and self-reported practice of standard safety precautions among HCWs and to identify factors associated with compliance, with implications for technology-enabled interventions. Methods: A hospital-based analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 350 randomly selected HCWs (doctors, nurses, and laboratory technicians) at a tertiary hospital in Nigeria from January to March 2024. Data were collected using a structured, self-administered questionnaire adapted from validated instruments [1, 2]. Knowledge and practice scores were categorized as good (geq 80%), moderate (60 - 79%), and poor (

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 highlights dramatic reforms in India's educational system, with libraries assuming a crucial function in promoting learning, research, and innovation. The principle emphasizes the need of adequately equipped and easily accessible libraries in educational establishments, ranging from primary schools to tertiary universities. Libraries are conceptualized as vibrant centres for learning, facilitating the comprehensive growth of students through the provision of varied resources, digital technologies, and openended areas for collaboration. National Education Policy 2020 advocates for the incorporation of digital technology in libraries, fostering the establishment of digital repositories and virtual libraries to guarantee fair and equal access to information. Moreover, it emphasizes the requirement of ongoing training for library personnel to be up to date with advancing technologies and information management methodologies. Libraries are strategically positioned as hubs for self-directed learning, that facilitate the cultivation of critical thinking, research abilities, and lifelong learning. Furthermore, the policy emphasizes the function of libraries in facilitating multi-disciplinary education and research, therefore contributing to the creation of a comprehensive and creative educational framework. NEP 2020 aims to use inclusive and technology-enabled library services to position libraries as crucial contributors to the educational reform in India.

Conventional thermal heating used in pharmaceutical synthesis and processing often suffers from slow heat transfer, high energy consumption, solvent-intensive conditions, and unwanted by-products due to prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures. In response, green chemistry has accelerated the adoption of energy-efficient “non-classical” activation methods that improve reaction efficiency while reducing waste and environmental burden. This review discusses microwave-assisted approaches as a leading green heating technology for pharmaceutical applications, highlighting its rapid volumetric heating, shortened reaction times, cleaner conversions, and potential for solvent minimization. Beyond microwave irradiation, emerging alternatives, including ultrasound-assisted (sonochemical) activation, mechanochemical/solvent-free grinding (ball milling), photochemical/visible-light activation, electrochemical methods, and infrared-assisted heating, are critically examined for their relevance in drug substance (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient) synthesis, intermediate preparation, crystallization/co-crystal development, and selected formulation operations. These methods often enable milder conditions, improved selectivity, reduced reagent excess, and enhanced mass transfer, supporting sustainability targets without compromising product quality. Key pharmaceutical considerations such as scalability, reproducibility, process safety, impurity control, and quality-by-design compatibility are discussed, alongside practical limitations (equipment cost, scale-up complexity, and process standardization). Overall, integrating microwave technology with newer green activation strategies offers a practical pathway to safer, faster, and more sustainable pharmaceutical development and manufacturing, while aligning with evolving expectations for environmentally responsible drug production.

Health professional education is widely recognized as intellectually demanding and emotionally taxing, particularly during the early stages of training when students are required to adapt to rigorous academic workloads, clinical expectations, and professional identity formation. These pressures often result in heightened stress, emotional exhaustion, and vulnerability to burnout, which may adversely affect students’ mental health, academic performance, and future professional competence. In recent years, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) has emerged as a promising preventive intervention aimed at enhancing psychological well-being and resilience among student populations. This research article examines the role of MBSR as a preventive strategy for reducing stress and emotional exhaustion among novice health professional students. Drawing upon theoretical foundations of mindfulness, stress psychology, and medical education, the study explores how structured mindfulness training can support emotional regulation, self-awareness, and adaptive coping mechanisms during the formative stages of professional education. The article synthesizes existing empirical findings and conceptual frameworks to demonstrate that MBSR contributes to reduced perceived stress, lower levels of emotional exhaustion, and improved overall well-being. The discussion highlights how mindfulness practices such as body scanning, mindful breathing, and non-judgmental awareness enable students to respond more skillfully to academic and emotional challenges. Rather than eliminating stressors, MBSR fosters a healthier relationship with stress by cultivating acceptance, attentional stability, and compassion toward oneself and others. The article further argues that integrating MBSR into early-stage health professional curricula can function as a proactive mental health intervention, potentially preventing the progression from transient stress to chronic burnout. The findings underscore the relevance of MBSR not only as a therapeutic tool but also as an educational resource that supports sustainable professional development and ethical care practices.

Environmental dangers from conception impact children's health and development through infancy, adolescence, and adulthood. The environment shapes a child's future since ecological risk factors can affect fetal programming and early growth, and early life exposures impact adult health. Air pollution impairs neurodevelopment, resulting in poorer performance on cognitive tests, which harms the development of the mind and the body. Even at modest exposure levels, air pollution harms children's lungs.

The quality of education in Nigerian tertiary institutions has increasingly come under scrutiny due to persistent underfunding and weaknesses in resource management. Despite the critical role of higher education in human capital development, research advancement, and national transformation, many Nigerian universities, polytechnics, and colleges of education operate under severe financial and governance constraints. This article examines the extent to which inadequate funding and inefficient resource management affect the quality of education in Nigerian tertiary institutions. Drawing on a synthesis of recent empirical and policy-based evidence, the paper analyses how funding shortfalls and management deficiencies influence infrastructure development, teaching effectiveness, research productivity, staff motivation, student learning experiences, and graduate outcomes. The study reveals that chronic underinvestment, when combined with weak financial governance, poor planning, and limited accountability, creates systemic inefficiencies that undermine academic standards and institutional stability. These challenges manifest in deteriorating facilities, overcrowded learning environments, frequent academic disruptions, limited research output, and declining labour market relevance of graduates. The article argues that sustainable improvement in educational quality requires an integrated approach that addresses both funding adequacy and the effectiveness of resource utilisation. It concludes that strengthening financial commitment to tertiary education, improving institutional governance, and aligning resource allocation with quality assurance mechanisms are essential for revitalising Nigerian tertiary institutions and enhancing their contribution to national development and global knowledge production.