In recent years, researchers worldwide have recognized that the effective duration of any antimicrobial agent is limited due to the rising development of microbial resistance. As a result, numerous investigations have focused on identifying alternative antimicrobial sources, particularly from plant origins. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of essential oils extracted from Australian-grown Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulsi), to quantify the volatile constituents present in flower spikes, leaves, and essential oil, and to identify the compounds responsible for the observed activity.
The broth micro-dilution technique was employed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Tulsi essential oil against selected microbial strains. The essential oil, at concentrations of 4.5% and 2.25%, completely suppressed the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA) and Escherichia coli, while exhibiting only partial inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Out of 54 compounds detected in Tulsi leaves, flower spikes, and essential oil, three—camphor, eucalyptol, and eugenol—are suggested to be primarily responsible for the antimicrobial activity.
Since S. aureus (including MRSA), P. aeruginosa, and E. coli are significant pathogens responsible for skin and soft tissue infections, Tulsi essential oil may serve as a promising topical antimicrobial agent for managing such infections.

Financial literacy plays a crucial role in strengthening financial inclusion and empowering individuals to make informed economic decisions. In India, several key institutions such as the Reserve Bank of India, Securities and Exchange Board of India, Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India, Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority, National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, Small Industries Development Bank of India, National Payments Corporation of India, and Financial Stability and Development Council actively contribute to promoting financial awareness through various programs and initiatives. The National Centre for Financial Education, through the National Strategy for Financial Education, provides a structured framework to enhance financial knowledge, skills, and behavior among different sections of society. These initiatives focus on areas such as banking, insurance, pensions, investments, and digital payments, while also addressing issues like fraud prevention and consumer protection. Special emphasis is given to rural populations, women, students, and economically weaker sections to ensure inclusive growth. Overall, these coordinated efforts aim to build a financially aware society, improve economic stability, and support sustainable development in India.

This paper presents a robust machine learning framework designed for the automated classification of fetal health conditions from Cardiotocography (CTG) examination records, representing a meaningful advancement in the domain of prenatal diagnostic intelligence and clinical decision support systems. The accurate interpretation of CTG signals is inherently complex due to high inter-observer variability, nuanced fetal heart rate (FHR) pattern morphologies, and the multi-dimensional nature of uterine contraction data. To address these challenges, the proposed system employs a comprehensive feature engineering pipeline alongside an ensemble of supervised machine learning classifiers—principally Random Forest and Gradient Boosting—to distinguish between three clinically critical health states: Normal, Suspect, and Pathological. The raw classification output was further reinforced through threshold-based confidence filtering and class-imbalance correction strategies using SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique), specifically adapted to the skewed distribution of pathological fetal outcomes in real-world obstetric datasets. Experimental evaluation demonstrated robust predictive performance with an overall multi-class classification accuracy of 93.60%, alongside high precision and recall values across all three target categories. The trained pipeline was deployed via a lightweight Flask-based REST API web interface, enabling real-time diagnostic inference and integration with hospital electronic health record (EHR) systems.

The rapid growth of the herbal and ayurvedic drug industry has necessitated increasing interest in dependable identification methods that guarantee authenticity, purity, and safety of the crude drug materials. Traditional approaches involving morphology, microscopy, or phytochemical profiling very often prove to be inadequate in cases of powdered, processed, or intentionally adulterated samples with visually similar materials. DNA barcoding has emerged as an exact, reproducible, and universally applicable method at a molecular level for species authentication. The method of DNA barcoding, through the analysis of short, standardized genetic loci such as ITS2, rbcL, and psbA-trnH, can correctly identify even closely related taxa and reveal intentional or unintentional substitution in commercial herbal raw materials. The review consolidates major advances in DNA barcoding applications for crude drug verification, summarizes successful case studies for detection of adulteration, evaluates marker performances in complex matrices, and also shows integrated workflows combining barcoding with chemo profiling for enhanced quality assurance. The status of current gaps in research, including limited availability of reference sequences, challenges posed by degraded DNA, and a lack of sufficient validation for polyherbal formulations, is also presented. Addressing these gaps is bound to establish DNA barcoding as a routine component of regulatory quality-control frameworks and ensure global confidence in herbal medicine supply chains.

This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric evaluation of research on Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), utilizing Scopus data to examine the temporal and thematic progression of the field from 1964 to 2024. GAP, developed to ensure food safety, environmental sustainability, and economic feasibility in agriculture, has gained global recognition. However, research in this domain remains fragmented across disciplines such as agronomy, environmental science, and food safety. The study of GAP is essential for addressing global challenges, including climate change and food security. It serves as a framework to enhance sustainable agricultural productivity, reduce environmental impacts, and strengthen the resilience of production systems against escalating global pressures.
By analyzing research trends, this study highlights the pivotal role of GAP in shaping a sustainable future for global agriculture. Bibliometric tools such as VOSviewer and Biblioshiny were employed to synthesize and visualize key contributions to GAP research. A total of 1,732 publications were analyzed to identify leading authors, major contributing countries, and significant thematic trends. The results reveal an increasing focus on sustainable crop management, food safety regulations, and the integration of advanced technologies such as precision agriculture into GAP.
The findings also indicate that most existing evidence on GAP’s potential to minimize food processing waste is concentrated in developed regions. In contrast, developing regions face significant barriers, including limited financial resources, inadequate knowledge dissemination, and insufficient infrastructure, which hinder effective implementation. Addressing these socio-economic constraints is critical to achieving equitable and sustainable agricultural development worldwide.
A significant research gap persists in studies focusing on developing regions, where GAP could have the greatest impact. Additionally, socio-economic challenges—particularly those faced by smallholder farmers in adopting GAP—remain underexplored. The study emphasizes the need for further investigation into the long-term effects of GAP, especially in relation to climate change and global food security. This analysis identifies research gaps and emerging trends, providing a foundation for future studies and policy interventions aimed at promoting sustainable agricultural practices globally.
However, certain limitations exist, including reliance on the Scopus database, which excludes relevant studies indexed in other sources. Furthermore, the bias toward English-language publications may obscure valuable research conducted in non-English-speaking regions, potentially overlooking important global patterns.

Traditional construction practices often face problems due to poor communication and coordination among project stakeholders. These issues frequently lead to inefficient use of resources, lower overall building performance throughout its lifecycle, increased material waste, and repeated delays and cost overruns (Pinto & Mantel, 1990; Shahhosseini et al., 2018). Because of these challenges, the construction industry is considered one of the major contributors to environmental impact worldwide. It is responsible for nearly 40% of global energy consumption and about 34–39% of total carbon dioxide emissions. In addition, construction and demolition activities generate roughly 25–30% of the world’s total solid waste (Azhar et al., 2013; Fazeli et al., 2022).
Although sustainable construction practices and Building Sustainability Assessment (BSA) frameworks have been introduced to reduce these impacts, their use in real projects is still not widespread. One of the main reasons is the heavy dependence on manual data handling and repeated calculations at different stages of a project. This process limits real-time interaction with design models and reduces the effectiveness of sustainability evaluations, especially during the early design phase (Wong & Zhou, 2015; Kouka et al., 2024).
Building Information Modeling (BIM) has gained recognition as a powerful digital tool for advancing sustainable and low-carbon footprint. It allows the creation of a comprehensive 3D model that brings together architectural, structural, and MEP components within a unified system. This integrated platform supports sustainability efforts by enabling accurate quantity estimation and dependable energy performance evaluation (Azhar et al., 2011; Ferreira et al., 2013).
The present study investigates the potential of BIM to support optimization objectives in building projects. It proposes a structured BIM-based approach specifically designed for earthwork management and cut-and-fill optimization. The main aim is to reduce material waste and improve sustainability performance during the construction stage. By focusing on earthwork processes, the study addresses a significant yet relatively underexplored area within sustainable construction research.

Impulse control disorders (ICDs) are a group of psychiatric conditions characterized by the inability to resist urges, leading to behaviors that may be harmful to oneself or others. Impulsive behavior is largely controlled by the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a crucial part of the brain responsible for executive functions like decision-making, inhibitory control, and emotional regulation. The dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex is the focus of this study, which looks at how impulse control disorders develop and persist. Neurobiological evidence suggests that impairments in specific subregions of the PFC, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, are associated with reduced cognitive control, poor judgment, and heightened reward sensitivity. The balance between top-down regulatory mechanisms and bottom-up emotional and reward-driven processes is disrupted by these dysfunctions, which are frequently mediated by subcortical structures like the amygdala and nucleus accumbens. Functional neuroimaging studies show that people with ICDs have less activity and less connectivity in their prefrontal networks. This makes them less able to control their impulses and makes them more likely to do risky things. Additionally, PFC dysfunction and impulsivity are exacerbated by neurotransmitter imbalances, particularly those involving dopamine and serotonin. Understanding the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying prefrontal cortex dysfunction provides valuable insights for developing targeted therapeutic interventions, including cognitive-behavioral therapy and pharmacological treatments. This study highlights the importance of the PFC in regulating behavior and underscores its critical role in impulse control disorders.

Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae), widely known as Neem in India, is often referred to as “nature’s pharmacy” because of its extensive range of medicinal benefits. It is one of the two species belonging to the genus Azadirachta and is indigenous to India and Burma, thriving in tropical and subtropical climates. The present study focuses on the standardization of Azadirachta indica leaves collected from the Garhwal Himalayas. Various parameters, as per WHO guidelines, were evaluated, including total ash value, acid-insoluble ash, water and alcohol extractive values, moisture content (loss on drying), pH, volatile constituents, heavy metal analysis, phytochemical screening, chromatographic and spectroscopic profiling, as well as macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Additionally, quantitative estimation of the marker compound was carried out using HPTLC analysis with azadirachtin as the reference standard.

The main goal of this study is to try an Internet of Things (IoT) connected Cyber Physical System (CPS). The system needs to be able to work in real time and adjust devices as needed. A simple monitor was used to find out the temperature and humidity. It was sent from these devices to a small computer and then to the cloud where it could be seen in real time. We got 5,000 results over the course of seven days. Based on our tests, the method was right 96.4 percent of the time. It answered in about 1.8 seconds which is fast enough for simple jobs. We also tried the system in a number of different internet settings to see how well it worked when the network was slow or unstable. The CPS model works well and can be used in real life in places like smart houses and small factories.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs), remain a significant global public health challenge, affecting millions of individuals each year. These infections are primarily transmitted through unprotected sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral intercourse, and can also be spread via blood transfusion, shared needles, and from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding.
Common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) include bacterial illnesses like syphilis, gonorrhea and Chlamydia,viral infections like HIV, HPV, HSV and parasitic infections like trichomoniasis.The global burden of STDs continues to rise due to factors such as lack of awareness, social stigma, inadequate healthcare access, and risky sexual behaviors. Adolescents and young adults are particularly vulnerable due to insufficient sexual education and higher rates of multiple sexual partners. Many STDs are asymptomatic, especially in early stages, leading to delayed diagnosis and increased transmission rates.
If left untreated, these infections can result in severe complications, including infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, neonatal infections, and increased risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV.Early diagnosis and effective treatment are crucial for controlling the spread of STDs.
Bacterial infections are generally curable with appropriate antibiotic therapy, where as viral infections are usually manageable but not curable, requiring long-term antiviral treatment to control symptoms and reduce transmission risk. Preventive strategies play a key role in reducing the incidence of STDs and include consistent and correct use of condoms, regular screening and testing, vaccination (such as HPV and hepatitis B vaccines), public health education, and behavioral interventions.
Recent advancements in diagnostic technologies, such as nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), have improved the accuracy and speed of STD detection. Furthermore, global health initiatives and awareness programs have contributed to increased screening and early intervention. However, challenges remain in addressing antibiotic resistance, particularly in gonorrhea, and ensuring equitable access to prevention and treatment services across different populations.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) triggered unprecedented global scientific collaboration and innovation across healthcare, biotechnology, and digital technologies. Rapid development of vaccines, diagnostic tools, therapeutic agents, and digital health solutions transformed pandemic management. Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), CRISPR-based diagnostics, telemedicine, and mRNA vaccine platforms played significant roles in controlling the outbreak. This review summarizes major innovations introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic, their mechanisms, applications, and future prospects. These advancements not only helped in managing COVID-19 but also reshaped global preparedness for future pandemics.

In the contemporary competitive marketplace, pharmaceutical firms have recognized that enhancing supply chain efficiency is essential for sustaining competitive advantage. Key managerial decisions involve forecasting, planning, procurement, financing, inventory management, and marketing strategies, all of which must be coordinated and balanced to achieve organizational objectives. This study is grounded in a comprehensive literature review, expert opinion elicitation, and qualitative system dynamics modeling; therefore, a triangulation research approach has been adopted.
The primary objective of this research is to investigate the challenges within the pharmaceutical supply chain (PSC) and to analyze the dynamic behavior of critical variables influencing its performance. Additionally, the study proposes strategic interventions to address these challenges. Initially, a series of semi-structured interviews with experienced supply chain professionals were conducted to identify major issues. The findings reveal that demand forecasting inaccuracies, extended lead times, suboptimal inventory levels, and elevated supply chain costs are among the most significant concerns.
Subsequently, a qualitative system dynamics approach is employed to illustrate the interdependencies among variables affecting these challenges. Finally, three strategic recommendations are proposed: fostering collaborative partnerships with suppliers, investing in advanced technologies, and implementing robust information technology (IT) systems. Overall, the findings provide supply chain managers with a holistic perspective for informed decision-making, emphasizing the importance of feedback mechanisms and their long-term impact on organizational performance and strategic goals.

Black pepper (Piper nigrum) possesses numerous health benefits and is widely used in daily life. Its most common application is as a culinary spice due to its characteristic pungent flavor. Black pepper is among the oldest known spices and is extensively utilized in cooking as well as in the healthcare sector, particularly in traditional medicine, where it is regarded as the “king of spices.”
The information used in this study was collected from online databases such as Google Scholar, ResearchGate, ScienceDirect, as well as books on black pepper and reputable scientific journals published between 2000 and 2020. Traditional medicine utilizes natural plant resources, including roots, stems, branches, leaves, flowers, and fruits, which are relatively easy to obtain. In addition to having minimal side effects, these natural remedies can be used for prolonged periods.
The primary bioactive constituents of black pepper, mainly piperine and essential oils, exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, antifungal, antimicrobial, and antiepileptic effects, as well as libido enhancement and anti-diarrheal properties, among others. Based on these properties, extensive research has been conducted on the phytochemical composition and pharmacological activities of black pepper.

Maintaining a healthy and balanced diet is increasingly difficult in modern, fast-paced lifestyles. Consumers frequently struggle to select suitable meals because traditional food service environments lack personalized, health-focused guidance. This paper presents a machine learning-driven health-aware food recommendation system designed to provide personalized meal suggestions based on individual physiological data. By capturing basic user inputs such as age, gender, height, weight, and activity level the system calculates critical health indicators like Body Mass Index (BMI), Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), and Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE). A Random Forest classification model is then utilized to evaluate this health profile and predict the most optimal meal plan category for the user. The model demonstrates a high prediction accuracy, offering a robust alternative to static menu browsing. The resulting web application bridges the gap between convenience and nutritional awareness, empowering users to make data-driven dietary choices.

This paper is a critical assessment of the effectiveness of Kenyan national policies and efforts in supporting female entrepreneurs in accessing and succeeding in export markets. This study acknowledges the connection between economic growth and gender equality while noting that in many cases, women-owned business enterprises become disadvantaged by systemic factors when it comes to scaling up and involvement in global trade. The paper introduces concepts such as female entrepreneurship, export markets, and the role of policy frameworks, which sets the stage for the critical evaluation. Based on the use of an extensive literature review and governmental reports, the study establishes what is already known about gender-based trade issues in Kenya. It particularly explores policies such as the 30% Preferential Public Procurement Policy and the opportunities presented by regional agreements such as the African Continental Free Trade Area (AFCFTA). The findings reveal that while policies are present to ensure gender equality is promoted in trade, their implementation and actual impact in boosting the performance of female-owned export businesses are limited due to the presence of multiple methodological constraints and institutional barriers. The paper concludes by offering policy recommendations on how to resiliently equip and prepare Kenyan women entrepreneurs for global inclusion.

The pharmaceutical sector plays a vital role in advancing healthcare outcomes, significantly improving overall quality of life. Its expansion has been driven by growing demands associated with the increasing incidence of chronic and age-related illnesses, along with evolving medical practices. This growth has required the adoption of innovative and often sophisticated marketing approaches to influence prescribing patterns among physicians. The pharmaceutical industry operates under strict regulations, particularly concerning promotional activities, where direct advertising to consumers is restricted. Consequently, pharmaceutical companies focus their marketing efforts on physicians, who serve as key decision-makers in determining patient treatment.
These promotional strategies aim to build professional relationships, communicate product-related information, and ultimately encourage the prescription of specific medications. Such activities target physicians from the early stages of their medical education and continue throughout their professional careers. These approaches are designed not only to strengthen relationships but also to shape prescribing behaviour, with the primary objective of enhancing sales performance.
However, the impact of these marketing practices has raised concerns regarding the appropriateness of prescribing, the standard of medications used, and the risk of conflicts of interest. Maintaining a balance between commercial promotion and the ethical responsibility of prescribing cost-effective and rational medicines remains a significant challenge. In countries such as Nepal, additional concerns exist regarding the quality of domestically manufactured pharmaceuticals and the inclination towards multinational brands.
This study seeks to examine the diverse marketing strategies adopted by pharmaceutical companies between 2019 and 2023, with particular emphasis on their influence on physicians’ prescribing decisions. Major promotional techniques include the distribution of free drug samples, sponsorship of continuing medical education programs, and direct engagement through medical representatives (MRs). The findings suggest that promotional activities, especially those involving personal interaction with MRs, have a substantial impact on prescribing behaviour. Nevertheless, this influence also raises ethical concerns, particularly regarding the potential for irrational prescribing and the effect of incentives and gifts on clinical decision-making.

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) represents a sophisticated paradigm shift in natural intelligence, synthesizing architectures retrieval mechanisms with generative architecture to optimize response precision within conversational agents. While conventional chatbots are often constrained by the static nature of pre-trained parameters frequently resulting in chronological lapses or factual inconsistencies the RAG framework dynamically extracts pertinent schemata from externalized knowledge repositories. By anchoring generative outputs in this retrieved context, the system drastically mitigates stochastic “hallucinations” and reinforces empirical accuracy. This treatise delineates the architectural intricacies, operational workflows, and systemic advantages of RAG-integrated models, while concurrently evaluating their deployment trajectories and evolving technical horizons.

This paper presents a practical model for measuring and analyzing two critical parameters in network communications, namely latency and jitter, through the use of the Python programming language in conjunction with UDP socket mechanisms. The objective of this study is to develop a simple, low-cost experimental system that can accurately reflect transmission characteristics in a Wi-Fi LAN environment, while also effectively supporting education and research in the field of telecommunications engineering.
The system is designed based on a client–server architecture, in which the sender transmits UTF-8 encoded textual data along with timestamps and SHA-256 hash values to ensure data integrity. The receiver, on the other hand, captures the transmitted packets, verifies their integrity, and computes latency and jitter based on the differences between sending and receiving times. Data transmission is repeated multiple times to collect a sufficiently large dataset for statistical analysis and evaluation of channel stability. Supporting tools such as Wireshark and the matplotlib library are integrated to visualize and validate the measurement results.
Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system is capable of effectively measuring latency and jitter under typical Wi-Fi network conditions. Furthermore, it reflects the impact of factors such as network load, signal interference, and device configuration on transmission performance. In addition, the integration of data integrity verification enhances the reliability of the system. The proposed model is not only valuable for practical teaching purposes but can also be extended to more advanced research areas such as network optimization, time synchronization, and real-time communication.
The novelty of this study lies in proposing a simple yet effective experimental model capable of reproducing key Quality of Service (QoS) characteristics in UDP/IP networks, making it particularly suitable for educational applications.

The extensive understanding of the link between Intra-Regional trade and sustainable development has been a primary analytical economic policy tool, exploited over the years. This study provides an extensive understanding of Intra-Regional trade and sustainable development in the CEMAC bloc countries using a panel data over a period of over 28 years (1994 to 2021 inclusive). Data was collected from the World Development Indicators, International Monetary Fund Directory of Trade, Centre D’études Prospectives et D’Informations Internationales, and the Worldwide Governance Indicators. The ex post facto research design was used. The method adopted in this study is the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) with a High-Dimensional Fixed Effect (HDFE) estimation technique to determine the coefficients of the variables stated in the model. The main finding of this study reveals that intra-regional trade in CEMAC bloc countries is significantly influence positively by sustainable development, economic size, population and when there are dominance in cross-border trade, and proximity effects. Based on the findings, it is therefore recommended that policy makers in CEMAC bloc countries should introduce economic policies and developmental strategies that provide incentives for businesses to engage in sustainable practices as part of their trade operations. Also, policies should be geared towards harnessing population potentials, formalizing cross-border trades, and investing in transport and industrial infrastructure to enhance proximity effects and deepening intra-regional trade integration.

Mental health issues such as stress, anxiety, depression, and emotional distress have become increasingly common in today’s fast-paced world. Factors such as academic pressure, work stress, and social isolation often contribute to these challenges. However, many people hesitate to seek professional help due to social stigma, lack of awareness, or limited access to mental health services. To address this gap, this paper introduces AURA AI, an intelligent mental health chatbot designed to offer early emotional support through conversational interaction.
The system utilizes Natural Language Processing (NLP) and machine learning techniques to understand user messages and detect emotional intent. A custom intent classification model based on TF-IDF vectorization and Logistic Regression is used to categorize user inputs into mental health–related intents such as stress, sadness, anxiety, or general conversation. The chatbot is developed using Python and Flask, while the user interface is built with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to allow smooth, real-time communication with users.
In addition, the platform can integrate external AI services to generate empathetic responses and provide helpful mental wellness suggestions. By making emotional support more accessible and encouraging users to express their feelings, AURA AI aims to serve as an initial support system that can guide individuals toward better mental well-being and, when necessary, motivate them to seek professional help.

This paper proposes a low-cost educational model for measuring and analyzing two key Quality of Service (QoS) parameters—latency and jitter—in Wi-Fi networks using Python and UDP socket communication. The model is implemented through a simple client–server architecture, where the sender transmits UTF-8 encoded data packets embedded with timestamps and SHA-256 hash values to ensure data integrity, while the receiver captures packets, verifies their correctness, and computes latency and jitter based on transmission time differences. To ensure statistical reliability, data exchange is repeated multiple times under various network conditions, and the collected results are analyzed and visualized using tools such as Wireshark and the matplotlib library. Experimental results show that the proposed system effectively reflects real-world Wi-Fi transmission characteristics, including the influence of network load, signal interference, and device configuration on performance. With its simplicity, low implementation cost, and integration of integrity verification, the model serves as a practical platform for teaching and learning in telecommunications and networking courses, while also offering potential for extension to advanced topics such as network optimization, time synchronization, and real-time communication systems.

Household savings are essential for India's capital formation, yet a significant portion of these savings remains in low-return assets like cash, gold, and fixed deposits. This research explores how financial literacy can help households redirect their savings into formal and productive investment opportunities, thus contributing to India’s long-term goal of Viksit Bharat 2047. Employing a mixed-methods strategy that combines primary survey data with insights from existing literature, the study examines the impact of financial awareness on saving habits, investment decisions, and confidence in financial institutions.

The statistical results, including outcomes from paired t-tests, suggest that financially literate households exhibit more efficient saving habits, engage in a wider array of financial products, and demonstrate increased confidence when interacting with formal financial systems. Moreover, engaging in financial literacy initiatives and being informed about government-backed financial programs greatly motivate households to move away from informal saving methods and participate more proactively in capital formation. The research emphasizes that financial literacy is not only a personal skill but a national necessity, crucial for inclusive growth, financial stability, and sustainable economic progress. Serving
as a catalyst, financial literacy is essential in converting household savings into productive investments that align with the vision of Viksit Bharat 2047.

Background: Basketball is a multidimensional sport demanding high levels of technical proficiency. Skill performance variables such as dribbling, passing accuracy, and shooting accuracy are fundamental to competitive success. Sports imagery training has emerged as a potent psychological tool to augment physical skill acquisition. This study examines the effect of specific skill training with and without sports imagery on dribbling, passing accuracy, and shooting accuracy among college men basketball players.
Objectives: To determine whether the combination of specific skill training and sports imagery training produces significantly greater improvements in dribbling, passing accuracy, and shooting accuracy compared to skill training alone and a control condition.
Methods: Sixty male college basketball players (aged 18–24) were randomly assigned to three groups: Group A-Specific Skill Training (n=20), Group B-Specific Skill Training with Sports Imagery Training (n=20), and Group C- Control (n=20). The intervention lasted 12 weeks with five sessions per week. Pre-test and post-test data were collected for dribbling speed (seconds), passing accuracy (%), and shooting accuracy (/20). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Scheffé post hoc test at p<0.05 level of significance.
Results: Significant improvements were observed in all three skill variables across Groups A and B. Group B (Skill + Imagery) demonstrated superior gains compared to Group A and the Control Group (p<0.001). The Scheffé post hoc test confirmed significant pairwise differences between all group combinations for dribbling, passing, and shooting accuracy. The Control Group showed no significant improvement.
Conclusion: Integrating sports imagery training with specific skill training significantly enhances dribbling speed, passing accuracy, and shooting accuracy in college men basketball players over a 12-week intervention. Coaches and practitioners should consider structured imagery protocols as an essential complement to physical skill development.

The present study aimed to examine and compare the impact of yoga and physical exercise on selected mental health parameters among university students. A total of 90 participants (aged 18–25 years) were randomly assigned to three groups yoga, physical exercise, and control. The yoga and exercise groups participated in 60-minute sessions, three times per week, for eight weeks, while the control group continued their usual routines. Standardized instruments including the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were administered before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests (within-group changes) and independent sample t-tests (between-group comparisons). Findings revealed significant reductions in anxiety, depression, and perceived stress in both intervention groups compared to controls, with yoga participants showing greater improvements in stress reduction and sleep quality. These results highlight the effectiveness of mind body practices and physical exercise in promoting mental well-being, suggesting that incorporating such programs into university settings may be an effective strategy for enhancing student health and resilience.

In the 20th century, industrial revolution takes place. After that industries are developed on the large scale. Products are required to produce by the mass production techniques to reduce the cost. For that purpose different techniques are developed. As many processes have to take place simultaneously, there is need for the help in working. For doing different work we need help. Special purpose machines are developed for this. In the perforation of different work for that machine is defined as a device or machine which works according to our order. Our order should be completed in time with precision so the term called Machine comes into play. “Machine – A servant play’s important Role in it.” Automation has become key to unlock the manufacturing secrets and the way for determining finest possibility of processing operation in the industries, that will lead to achieve high throughput, accuracy and repeatability in production. Automation leads to perform almost all associate activities in manufacturing industries. While overcoming all parameter of manufacturing, automation has provided advance solution for performing nearly all operation like Milling, Drilling, etc.

प्रस्तुत शोध “बौद्ध एवं वैदिक परंपरा में नैतिकता और कर्म: अभिधम्मत्थसङ्गहो एवं भगवद्गीता के संदर्भ में” इन दोनों महान दार्शनिक परंपराओं के नैतिक एवं कर्म-सिद्धांतों का तुलनात्मक अध्ययन प्रस्तुत करता है। बौद्ध परंपरा में अभिधम्मत्थसङ्गहो के आधार पर कर्म को मुख्यतः मानसिक चेतना (चित्त) और उसकी प्रवृत्तियों से उत्पन्न माना गया है, जहाँ “चेतना ही कर्म है” का सिद्धांत केंद्रीय भूमिका निभाता है। इस दृष्टिकोण में नैतिकता का आधार चित्त की शुद्धि, करुणा, मैत्री तथा अहिंसा जैसे मानवीय गुणों में निहित है। इसके विपरीत, वैदिक परंपरा के प्रमुख ग्रंथ भगवद्गीता में कर्म को कर्तव्य (धर्म) के रूप में देखा गया है, जिसमें निष्काम कर्म (फल की इच्छा के बिना कर्म करना) को सर्वोच्च आदर्श माना गया है। गीता में नैतिकता का आधार धर्मपालन, आत्मसंयम, समत्व और ईश्वर के प्रति समर्पण में निहित है।

This study explores the perspectives of Chennai residents regarding corruption and its pervasive impact on daily life. By collecting primary data through surveys from 76 respondents, the research examines how corruption affects various sectors, including government services, education, and employment. The findings reveal that a significant number of respondents perceive corruption as a widespread issue, primarily driven by bureaucratic inefficiencies and political interference. The study highlights the psychological toll of corruption on individuals and the community's growing awareness of the need for accountability. Recommendations such as developing a corruption reporting app, forming community watchdog groups, and promoting civic education are proposed to foster a culture of integrity and transparency. Ultimately, this research contributes valuable insights into the public’s understanding of corruption in Chennai and the need for effective anti-corruption measures.

The empowerment of Dalit women is a crucial aspect of achieving inclusive and sustainable development in India. Dalit women face multiple forms of marginalization due to caste, gender, and economic inequalities. This study examines their socio-economic conditions, identifies barriers to empowerment, and evaluates the effectiveness of policy interventions. The research is based on secondary data and adopts a descriptive and analytical approach. The findings reveal that despite various government and institutional initiatives, significant challenges persist in education, employment, and social participation. The study proposes a multidimensional approach focusing on education, economic independence, legal awareness, and community participation to ensure sustainable empowerment.

A cloud-based platform called the Charity Crowdfunding Application using AWS was created to link contributors with several approved charities via a safe, centralised mechanism. This application's main goal is to offer a transparent and trustworthy environment where organisations can sign up, finish onboarding, and accept donations straight from users. Each of the three login categories in the system—Admin, Charity, and User—has distinct duties and access. Charities must upload necessary documents, including evidence of identification, proof of address, and organisational details, during the onboarding process. These documents are then put in a pending condition for verification. After reviewing these documents, the administrator decides whether to approve or reject the charity. If authorised, a RuPay sub-account is made to allow users to safely and directly send donations to the charity's account. After being accepted, each charity is given a public profile page with a "Donate Now" option and a shareable link, making it simple for donors to visit and support certified organisations. Donors can safely log in and make contributions using the User module, while the admin module handles email alerts, approvals, and verification. Because Amazon Web Services' cloud architecture was used in its construction, the platform offers scalability, high availability, safe data storage, and dependable performance. This system offers a safe, effective, and scalable alternative for contemporary charity fundraising while also improving transparency and preventing fraudulent registrations.

Well before and ShahRukh Khan and Gauri, Zaheer Khan and Sagarika Ghatge, there was Mansur Ali Khan Pataudi and Sharmila Tagore. Muslim men who married Hindu ladies and the general population was excited by their relationships. The astonishing Pataudis and Khans were very much ensured by VIP status and social force, and nobody blamed them for Love jihad. Yet, the story is altogether different for normal residents who decide to wed external their religion. They stay helpless before the state and vigilante crews since they aren't notable. Akhila Ashokan or Hadiya wedded Shafin Jahan and confronted long stretches of torture under the watchful eye of the Supreme Court at last decided in 2018 that 'the option to wed an individual is fundamental to Article 21." regardless of this, today couples who break the strict obstruction are shadowed by fears of submitting 'love jihad'.

This study explored the instructional supervision practices and experiences of elementary teachers at Saint Louis College, Basic Education Schools, Elementary Department. The goal of this study is to develop a research-based Supervisory-Primer. Anchored in a descriptive qualitative research design, the study employed semi-structured interview and focus group discussions involving fifteen participants selected through criterion sampling, including experienced teachers and academic coordinators during the academic year 2025 – 2026. Thematic analysis revealed six major themes: (1) supervision as supportive and developmental, (2) collaborative and trust-based supervision, (3) structured and differentiated observation practices, (4) focus on student learning outcomes, (5) post-observation feedback as reflective dialogue, and (6) challenges in implementation, including time constraints, administrative workload, and resistance to change. Findings indicate that instructional supervision is most effective when it is continuous, reflective, mentoring-oriented, and grounded in a professional partnership rather than compliance-based evaluation. While teachers valued formative feedback, coaching, and collaborative goal-setting, systemic barriers such as time-poverty and inconsistent supervisory practices limited the depth of professional engagement. This study concludes that a sustained, teacher-centred developmental process. In response, A supervisory Primer was developed to institutionalize structured observation cycles, mentoring programs, professional learning communities, data-driven feedback, and collaborative decision-making aligned with national education policies and professional standards. The findings contribute to the growing body of literature advocating developmental supervision models that enhance teacher efficacy, institutional quality, and student learning outcomes. The proposed primer offers a practical framework for strengthening instructional leadership and fostering a culture of continuous professional growth within elementary settings.

Marital rape remains one of the most contested and under-recognized forms of sexual violence in India. Despite progressive judicial pronouncements and international human rights obligations, the Indian Penal Code continues to exempt husbands from prosecution for non-consensual sexual acts with their wives. This research paper critically examines the legal status of marital rape in India, analyzes its constitutional validity, and evaluates the socio-legal consequences of non-criminalization. Drawing upon feminist legal theories, comparative jurisprudence, and international human rights frameworks, this paper argues that the marital rape exemption violates fundamental constitutional guarantees of equality, dignity, and bodily autonomy. The paper concludes with comprehensive recommendations for legal reform and institutional change.

This study examined the impact of National Universities Commission (NUC) accreditation indices on students' educational outcomes in public universities within the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria. Specifically, the research investigated the relationship between curriculum adequacy and students' educational outcomes, as well as the extent to which library resource adequacy influences students' academic achievement. The study adopted an ex-post-facto research design using the correlational method. The population comprised 613 junior and senior academic staff of the University of Abuja, from which a sample of 184 respondents (30%) was selected through stratified random sampling based on academic rank. Two self-developed instruments were employed for data collection: the Accreditation Questionnaire (AQ) containing 20 items structured on a four-point scale, and the Students' Educational Outcome Checklist (SEOC), which captured students' academic achievement using cumulative grade point average (CGPA). The instruments were validated by experts in Educational Management and Foundations, and reliability was established using Cronbach Alpha method, yielding a coefficient of 0.78. Data were analyzed using coefficient of determination for research questions and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Statistics for hypotheses testing at 0.05 level of significance. Findings revealed that curriculum adequacy has a significant positive relationship with students' educational outcomes (r = 0.566, r² = 0.320, p = 0.000), accounting for 32% variance in academic outcomes. Similarly, library resource adequacy significantly relates to students' academic outcomes (r = 0.525, r² = 0.275, p = 0.000), explaining 27.5% of the variance. Both null hypotheses were rejected, confirming that curriculum adequacy and library resource adequacy are significantly related to students' academic achievement. The study concluded that NUC accreditation indices are not merely procedural requirements but critical quality assurance mechanisms that substantially influence students' learning experiences and academic performance. It was recommended that university management should ensure periodic curriculum review and updating, prioritize adequate funding for library development, and that the NUC should strengthen post-accreditation monitoring mechanisms to ensure sustained compliance with established standards.

Because of its accessibility and perceived safety, paracetamol (acetaminophen) continues to be one of the most commonly used analgesic and antipyretic medications worldwide. Overdosing on paracetamol remains a major cause of acute liver failure globally, despite its extensive therapeutic use. According to new research, older adults are a clinically vulnerable population where toxicity outcomes may be impacted by pharmacokinetic changes, comorbidities, polypharmacy, and delayed presentation. This review examines clinical risk factors, pharmacological mechanisms, epidemiological trends, and treatment approaches for paracetamol poisoning in people 65 years of age and older. The interaction of comorbid conditions with hepatotoxic pathways, repeated supratherapeutic ingestion, and age-related metabolic changes are all given special attention. To clarify the factors influencing toxicity in this population, recent research from toxicology registries, population cohorts, and clinical pharmacology studies is critically assessed. Comprehending these trends is crucial for enhancing clinical risk assessment, refining therapeutic approaches, and directing preventative measures for senior citizens.

Biometric authentication has become one of the most reliable techniques for user identification in modern digital systems. Among various biometric methods, fingerprint authentication is widely used due to its uniqueness, reliability, and ease of acquisition. However, storing fingerprint templates in cloud environments introduces significant privacy and security challenges. Unauthorized access, data leakage, and biometric identity theft are major concerns when biometric data is outsourced to third-party cloud servers. This research proposes an efficient and privacy-preserving fingerprint authentication scheme designed for secure cloud storage environments. The proposed system ensures that fingerprint templates are encrypted before storage and authentication is performed without exposing sensitive biometric data. The system integrates feature extraction, template protection, and secure matching algorithms to ensure confidentiality and integrity. Experimental evaluation shows that the proposed approach improves authentication accuracy while maintaining strong security and privacy protection. The system can be effectively deployed in cloud-based authentication services, enterprise security systems, and online applications requiring secure identity verification.

Workplace stress has emerged as one of the most significant challenges in modern organizational life, particularly in fast-paced and competitive corporate environments. While moderate stress can enhance performance, excessive and prolonged stress negatively affects employee well-being, productivity, and organizational outcomes. This study explores the causes, consequences, and management of stress in the workplace through a conceptual and analytical approach. It highlights the role of organizational culture, leadership, and individual coping mechanisms in managing stress effectively. The paper argues that stress management is not merely an individual responsibility but a shared organizational priority that requires systemic intervention.

Background: High-altitude training (HAT) has emerged as a critical performance enhancement strategy for endurance athletes, with the "live high-train low" (LHTL) approach gaining widespread acceptance in sports science. Understanding research trends in this domain is essential for identifying knowledge gaps and future research directions.
Objective: This study conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis to map research trends, identify influential publications, examine collaboration networks, and explore thematic patterns in high-altitude training and endurance performance literature from 2011 to 2025.
Methods: A systematic Scopus search used keywords on high-altitude training and endurance performance, following PRISMA. It included 136 open-access English articles from 2011- 2025. VOSviewer visualized citations, keywords, author networks, and publication locations.
Results: Utilizing advanced visualization tools to analyze influential authors, organizations, and keywords, the paper highlights the leading publications and essential research clusters that are shaping the future of endurance performance research.
Conclusion: This bibliometric analysis shows ongoing growth and rising interdisciplinary interest in high-altitude training research, dominated by countries with advanced sports science. It highlights key research themes and lesser-explored areas for future study, offering guidance for researchers, coaches, and athletes aiming to improve endurance with altitude training.

This paper discusses how artificial intelligence is affecting Business-to-Business (B2B) services. In this system, there is integration of AI-based chatbot services, user attention analytics, voice-based accessibility (dictation mode), and automated communication tools, all backed by a scalable Supabase backend system. This paper discusses the results of various studies done previously about AI-based services, their challenges, and various trends related to adding smart features to client sites. Lastly, there is a discussion about future research directions, such as personalization, authentication, and handling big data.

This study examines the saving and investment behaviour of Generation Z in Hyderabad, focusing on their financial awareness, attitudes, preferences, and decision-making patterns in a rapidly digitalised environment. Generation Z, born between 1997 and 2012, has grown up with smartphones, fintech applications, and easy access to online financial information, which significantly influences their financial choices. The research adopts a quantitative approach using a structured questionnaire administered to 100 respondents within a university. Data were analysed using percentage analysis, frequency distribution, t-test, and chi-square test. The findings indicate that while Gen Z demonstrates a positive inclination towards saving, especially for future security and emergencies, traditional options such as bank deposits remain widely preferred for safety. At the same time, there is increasing interest in modern investment avenues like mutual funds, equities, and digital platforms. However, financial literacy gaps, peer influence, and reliance on social media affect rational decision-making. The study highlights the need for targeted financial education and awareness programs to enhance informed investment behaviour. Overall, the research emphasises the importance of developing disciplined saving habits and responsible investment practices among Gen Z for long-term financial stability and economic growth. These insights support policymakers and educators in designing effective interventions.

Background: Breastfeeding is a cornerstone of infant health and survival, with WHO recommending exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) up to 6 months followed by continued breastfeeding with appropriate complementary feeding. [1][2] In India, EBF rates remain suboptimal despite national-level policies and programs. [1][3]

Objective: To review breastfeeding practices, determinants, and alternative feeding methods in the Indian population, with emphasis on implications for clinical practice and health-system policy. [1][4][3]

Methods: Narrative review of nationally representative surveys (NFHS-4 and NFHS-5), Indian Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) guidelines, and peer-reviewed studies on breastfeeding and alternative feeding methods published between 2015 and 2025. [1][4][5][6]

Results: In India, the proportion of infants exclusively breastfed up to 6 months increased from 31.3% (NFHS-4) to 43% (NFHS-5), but over half of infants still do not meet the
WHO-recommended EBF duration. [1][3] Early initiation of breastfeeding (within 1 hour) has improved but remains below target in many states. [4][3] Major barriers include maternal employment, lack of support, misinformation, and increasing use of bottle-feeding and commercial formula. [7][3] When breastfeeding is not medically or practically feasible, acceptable alternatives include expressed breastmilk (ebm) via cup/bowl or bottle, pasteurized donor human milk (PDHM), and, when strictly necessary, commercial infant formula under paediatric guidance. [8] [9][5][6]

CONCLUSION: Strengthening facility-and community-based support for breastfeeding, scaling up human-milk banking, and regulating formula-marketing can improve optimal breastfeeding and safe alternative-feeding practices in India. [1][3][6]

The paper proposes a system based on machine learning for the prediction of household energy consumption based on data received from smart meters, marking an important milestone in the management of smart grids and green energy systems. The pattern of energy consumption is a complex issue to be interpreted based on the highly variable patterns of seasonal changes in weather, demographics of households, and other socio-economic factors. To address the purpose of energy consumption pattern analysis and forecasting, the proposed system utilizes the capabilities of high-performance regression models in the analysis and normalization of data received from smart energy meters. Supervised learning models of Random Forest Regression, Decision Tree Regression, and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) have been utilized in the proposed system based on their capabilities in addressing non-linear relationships between weather patterns and energy consumption peaks. The performance of the proposed system has also been validated using R² scores and mean square error metrics, which are highly specialized in addressing the energy consumption patterns of London households. The performance of the system also indicated highly reliable predictive capabilities with an accuracy of 92%, mitigating errors in forecasting with ease. The proposed system has also been conceptualized in terms of its integration with a Flask-based web application and JSON-based local ledger system for the purpose of real-time monitoring of energy consumption and billing intelligence.

In modern defense operations, ensuring the health and safety of soldiers in extreme environments is a critical challenge. This project presents a Soldier Health Monitoring and Real-Time Location Tracking System using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The system continuously monitors vital physiological parameters such as heart rate and oxygen saturation using the MAX30102 sensor, body temperature using the DS18B20 sensor, and tracks the soldier’s location using a GPS module. All sensors are interfaced with an ESP32 microcontroller, which processes the data and transmits it to a backend server via Wi-Fi. The system performs threshold-based analysis to classify the soldier’s condition as Normal, Warning, or Critical and generates alerts when abnormal conditions are detected. A web-based dashboard provides real-time visualization of health parameters and location tracking, enabling remote monitoring and quick decision-making. The system improves soldier safety, enhances emergency response, and demonstrates scalability by including simulated parameters such as blood pressure for future integration.

By making it possible to create dynamic, patient-specific virtual models that mimic medication response and illness development, digital twin technology represents an emerging paradigm in pharmacodynamics. The primary goal of pharmacodynamics is to comprehend how drug concentration and biological reaction are related, but prediction accuracy is frequently hampered by inter- individual variability.

Digital twins create computational copies that can forecast treatment outcomes by integrating multi-source biomedical data, such as physiological, molecular, and clinical factors. This method lowers attrition rates, increases safety profiling, facilitates virtual clinical trials, and improves dose optimization in drug development. Digital twins support precision medicine and more effective regulatory evaluation by facilitating simulation-based study of toxicity and efficacy before to actual delivery. Notwithstanding difficulties with data protection, infrastructure needs, validation, and ethical issues, the technology provides revolutionary promise for clinical treatments and pharmaceutical research. Digital twins are anticipated to play a key role in contemporary pharmacodynamic analysis and individualized treatment plans as computer modelling, systems pharmacology, and real-time health data integration develop.

Swami Vivekananda was a great thinker and reformer of India. Vivekananda pointed out that the defect of the present-day education is that it has no definite goal. He was against the contemporary educational system; it turned men into slaves. He emphasized that the aim of education should be man-making and character-building. His educational ideas have touched every aspect of Indian social life. Now-a-days, physical education has become a key issue of many social clubs and educational organizations. By realizing this situation, presenting this paper which aims to find the opinion of Swami Vivekananda about physical education in contemporary era. So, the major objectives have selected to identify the life philosophy of Vivekananda in present day of physical education and relevance of physical education in present day. Documentary analysis methodology has used for this study. This study will help to analyse and evaluate the importance of Vivekananda’s idea of physical education.

A new field called "neuromorphic computing" creates hardware and software that closely resembles the composition and operations of the human brain. Neuromorphic systems, in contrast to traditional von Neumann designs, combine memory and processing, enabling computation that is extremely parallel, energy-efficient, and adaptive. This technology allows for real-time learning and decision-making by utilising parallel architectures, event-driven computing, and spiking neural networks. Neuromorphic computing shows potential for increasing artificial intelligence towards human-like flexibility and efficiency with applications in robotics, the Internet of Things, autonomous systems, and healthcare.

Waste management has become a critical challenge due to speedy urbanization & advancing waste generation. Traditional waste bins rely on manual handling, which often leads to polluted conditions like overflowing garbage, foul odor, & inappropriate waste segregation. The Automatic Intelligent Waste Bin with Autonomous Area-Based Garbage Collection Using IoT is developed to give a smart & efficient solution to these problems.
The system uses an ESP32 microcontroller to process inputs from many sensors like ultrasonic & infrared sensors. These sensors detect the presence of a user & automatically open the lid using a motor-driven mechanism, allowing touch-free waste disposal. A robotic arm mechanism is incorporated to sort waste into wet & dry categories, enhancing waste segregation.
An OLED display illustrates real-time system status, & motor drivers control the movement of the robotic components. The system is powered by a rechargeable lithium-ion battery & uses Wi-Fi connectivity to send alerts to a mobile application when the bin is full. This project gives a hygienic, efficient, & affordable waste management solution suitable for smart cities, hospitals, campuses, & residential areas.

Background: Erectile Dysfunction (ED) is a multi-factorial disorder frequently linked to both physiological declines and psychological stressors, such as performance anxiety. In Homoeopathy, Lycopodium clavatum is traditionally indicated for "functional impotence" where physical power is deficient despite the presence of desire.Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficiency of individualized homoeopathic Lycopodium clavatum in the management of Erectile Dysfunction and its associated psychological and gastrointestinal concomitants.Methodology: A prospective clinical study (or case series) was conducted involving male subjects aged 25–65 years presenting with symptoms of ED. Patients were selected based on the specific Lycopodium profile: anticipatory anxiety, low self-confidence, and physical symptoms such as coldness of genitalia or premature ejaculation, often accompanied by digestive flatulence. Standardized tools like the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) were used to measure baseline and post-treatment scores.RESULTS: Clinical observations indicated a significant improvement in erectile rigidity and duration following the administration of Lycopodium in potencies ranging from 30C to 1M. Subjects reported not only an increase in sexual confidence but also a marked reduction in performance-related anxiety and associated dyspeptic symptoms. Data suggest that Lycopodium acts effectively on the neuro-endocrinal axis, particularly in cases where ED is secondary to psychological or digestive exhaustion.

The increasing demand for electrical energy and the depletion of conventional fossil fuels have created the need for renewable energy sources. Wind energy is one of the most promising clean energy sources available today. Highways experience continuous movement of vehicles that produce significant airflow due to vehicle motion. This airflow contains kinetic energy that is generally wasted in the environment. The present work focuses on the design and development of a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) system capable of capturing airflow generated by moving vehicles on highways. The turbine consists of blades mounted on a vertical shaft supported by bearings and connected to a DC generator through a gear mechanism. When vehicles pass near the turbine installation, the airflow rotates the turbine blades, producing mechanical energy which is converted into electrical energy using the generator. The generated electricity is stored in a rechargeable battery and monitored using electrical measuring instruments. The proposed system is simple, economical, and suitable for small-scale renewable energy applications such as highway street lighting and traffic monitoring systems.

This study examines the influence of social media advertising on consumer buying behaviour among undergraduate students in federal universities in South-South Nigeria. The research was motivated by the increasing use of social media platforms as marketing tools and the growing exposure of students to digital advertisements. Specifically, the study investigated the effects of exposure to advertisements, brand awareness, and trust on students’ purchasing decisions. A descriptive survey research design was adopted, with data collected from undergraduate students across selected federal universities using a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and regression analysis at a 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that exposure to social media advertising significantly influences students’ buying behaviour by increasing product awareness and engagement. Additionally, social media advertising was found to enhance brand awareness, which positively affects students’ preference for and selection of products. Trust in social media advertisements also emerged as a significant predictor of consumer buying behaviour, as students are more likely to purchase products they perceive as credible and reliable. The study concluded that social media advertising is a powerful determinant of consumer behaviour among undergraduate students, with exposure, brand awareness, and trust playing critical roles. It recommends that marketers design engaging and credible advertising content to effectively reach this demographic, while educational institutions should promote media literacy to help students make informed purchasing decisions. The study contributes to existing literature by providing empirical evidence from a developing economy context.

This study examined the influence of computer-based examination (CBE) on the academic performance of undergraduate students at the University of Uyo, Nigeria. The increasing integration of information and communication technology (ICT) in educational assessment has led to the widespread adoption of computer-based examinations as a replacement for traditional paper-based testing methods. However, concerns remain regarding how this transition affects students’ academic outcomes, particularly in developing countries where infrastructural and technical challenges persist. The study was anchored on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Cognitive Load Theory (CLT), which provided insights into students’ interaction with digital examination systems and the cognitive demands associated with their use. A descriptive survey research design was adopted, with a population of 30,000 undergraduate students, from which a sample size of 395 was selected using stratified and simple random sampling techniques. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire titled Computer-Based Examination and Academic Performance Questionnaire (CBEAPQ), validated by experts and tested for reliability using Cronbach Alpha (r = 0.85). Data analysis involved mean, standard deviation, and regression analysis at a 0.05 level of significance. Findings revealed that accessibility to computer facilities had a low but significant influence on academic performance, system reliability had a moderate and significant influence, while technology-related examination anxiety had a moderate negative influence on students’ academic performance. The study concluded that although CBE enhances efficiency, transparency, and objectivity in assessment, its effectiveness is constrained by infrastructural limitations and students’ psychological readiness. It was recommended that universities improve ICT infrastructure, ensure system reliability, and provide adequate training to reduce students’ anxiety and enhance performance.

The Niger Delta area faces ongoing difficulties because people cannot find safe drinking water while oil spills and domestic waste and sedimentation have polluted the Nun River. The research tested plantain peduncle activated carbon (PPAC) as an affordable adsorbent that improves water quality through its use in laboratory-scale filtration systems. The researchers collected water samples through grab sampling while they prepared PPAC by washing and drying and carbonizing at temperatures between 300 and 500 degrees Celsius and using H₃PO₄ for chemical activation and sieving. The filtration system used four layers which included gravel and sand and PPAC and cotton wool while the flow rate control system enabled better contact time between the water and the filters. The water quality tests measured pH and turbidity and colour and electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids and total suspended solids and iron (Fe²⁺) and biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand and total coliforms. The results showed that PPAC filter decreased turbidity by 91% and colour by 77% and iron by 84% and TSS by 82% and microbial load by 93% which resulted in filtrate that met WHO and NSDWQ standards for most parameters. The research demonstrates that PPAC functions as sustainable and effective rural water treatment solution which provides economical treatment method through its use of regional agricultural waste. The research recommends that activated carbon needs regular replacement to sustain its operational ability while it supports further studies about regeneration techniques and heavy metal elimination.

This study investigated the adequacy of science-based teachers and its influence on students’ academic performance in science subjects in Secondary Schools in Yakurr Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria. Guided by two research questions and corresponding hypotheses, a descriptive research design was adopted. A sample of 435 science students was drawn from Public Secondary Schools using cluster and simple random sampling techniques. Two instruments - Adequacy of Science-Based Teachers’ Questionnaire (ASBTQ) and Science Achievement Test (SAT) - were used for data collection. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results revealed a significant influence of teachers’ competence in the use of instructional materials and teachers’ adequate knowledge of subject matter on students’ academic performance in science subjects. It was concluded that teacher adequacy - in terms of subject mastery and pedagogical competence - is vital for improving science achievement among students. The study recommended that the Ministry of Education should ensure the provision of adequate instructional materials, continuous teacher training, and regular supervision to enhance science teaching and learning outcomes in Secondary Schools.

Blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies have emerged as important elements of the global digital economy as a result of the quick digital transformation of financial systems. India has seen a rise in interest in blockchain applications and digital assets due to its growing financial ecosystem and digital infrastructure. Concurrently, financial market forecasting is making extensive use of artificial intelligence (AI) methods like Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks. The theoretical relationship between cryptocurrencies, blockchain technology, and India's developing digital economy is examined in this paper, along with any potential ramifications for AI-based stock market forecasting models.The conceptual underpinnings of blockchain and cryptocurrencies, their contribution to financial innovation, Indian regulations, and the incorporation of macro-digital variables into deep learning models for stock price prediction are all covered in this study. The paper emphasizes how new financial data streams produced by blockchain-driven financial ecosystems might improve prediction models like RNN and LSTM. The study comes to the conclusion that the future of digital finance and stock market analytics in India would be significantly shaped by the convergence of blockchain technology, cryptocurrency markets, and AI-based financial predictions.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into agricultural industries is transforming workforce management and sustainability practices globally. The Indian dairy industry, one of the largest contributors to rural employment and agricultural GDP, is increasingly adopting digital technologies to enhance productivity and environmental sustainability. This study examines how AI-enabled workforce management practices contribute to sustainable operations in the Indian dairy sector. By synthesizing recent literature on AI adoption, Sustainable Human Resource Management (SHRM), and digital transformation in dairy supply chains, the research identifies emerging practices such as AI-driven workforce analytics, predictive labor scheduling, automated dairy farm monitoring, and digital training systems. The study also explores the challenges faced by dairy cooperatives and private firms in integrating AI into HR management processes. Six research hypotheses are formulated and tested using regression and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) frameworks. The findings suggest that AI-enabled workforce management significantly improves operational efficiency, enhances employee productivity, reduces environmental impacts, and supports sustainable dairy production. The paper contributes to the literature by linking AI technologies with sustainable HRM frameworks in the context of India's dairy ecosystem. Policy implications for dairy cooperatives, agritech startups, and policymakers are discussed.

The quick development of digital technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) has drastically changed consumer behavior and marketing strategies. In an AI-powered urban environment like Hyderabad, online marketing platforms play a crucial role in promoting sustainable consumption, particularly in the white goods sector such as refrigerators, washing machines, and air conditioners. This study investigates how online marketing tactics—backed by AI data, tailored ads, and digital customer interaction—help close the gap between sustainability knowledge and real eco-friendly white goods purchase behavior. In order to promote the use of eco-friendly and energy-efficient appliances, the study looks at consumer attitudes, the impact of digital advertising, and the function of e-commerce platforms.. The results show that sustainability-focused product information, AI-driven suggestions, and targeted internet marketing all have a big impact on customer choices and raise awareness of green products. The study emphasizes how crucial it is to combine AI technology with digital marketing tactics in order to support environmental objectives and encourage sustainable consumption habits in quickly evolving smart cities.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become an important driver of innovation in modern business by enabling organizations to analyse large volumes of consumer data and provide personalized services. In the retail sector, the growth of quick commerce platforms has transformed consumer purchasing behaviour by offering faster delivery and convenient digital shopping experiences. This study examines the role of artificial intelligence in influencing sustainable consumer behaviour within quick commerce platforms in India. The research adopts a descriptive design and is based entirely on secondary data collected from academic journals, industry reports, company publications, and credible online sources related to artificial intelligence, sustainability, and digital retail. The analysis indicates that AI-driven technologies improve operational efficiency, enhance customer engagement, and support better inventory and delivery management. These systems can also promote sustainable consumption practices by reducing wastage, improving resource utilization, and encouraging environmentally responsible purchasing decisions. The study concludes that the integration of artificial intelligence within quick commerce platforms can significantly influence sustainable consumer behaviour while improving the efficiency of digital retail operations.

In the present globalized world, the growth of organized crime has become a serious concern for all countries. Globalization has increased the movement of goods, services, people, and information across borders, which has created new opportunities not only for economic development but also for criminal activities. Organized crime groups have taken advantage of open markets, advanced technology, and weak international coordination to expand their operations beyond national boundaries. Activities such as drug trafficking, human trafficking, money laundering, and cybercrime have increased significantly due to globalization. This study focuses on understanding how globalization has influenced the growth and expansion of organized crime. It examines the changing nature of criminal networks, the role of technology, and the challenges faced by legal systems in controlling such crimes. The paper also discusses how differences in laws, lack of cooperation among countries, and corruption make it difficult to effectively tackle organized crime. In addition, the study highlights the impact of these crimes on society, economy, and national security. The research emphasizes that while globalization has many benefits, it has also created serious risks that require strong legal and institutional responses. There is a need for better international cooperation, updated laws, and effective enforcement mechanisms to control the growing threat of organized crime. Overall, the study aims to provide a clear understanding of the link between globalization and organized crime and suggest ways to address this issue.

Ensuring patient safety is crucial during transportation, particularly for those with medical conditions requiring constant monitoring. This system aims to ensure that patients remain safe and healthy during their transportation in a vehicle. It accomplishes this by monitoring them and their environment, forecasting potential issues, and issuing alerts if something is amiss.The system employs a small computer known as the ESP32 microcontroller to gather data from various sensors. These sensors comprise a tilt sensor that monitors the position of the patient's head, a BMP180 Barometric Pressure Sensor that measures temperature and air pressure within the vehicle, and a Pulse Sensor Amped Heart Rate Sensor that continuously tracks the patient's heart rate.Data from these sensors is transmitted to a cloud system via Wi-Fi. This platform is developed with Node.js and the data is kept in a MongoDB database. A website is available that displays the current status of the patients' health and environment, allowing caregivers to monitor the situation.To enhance system safety further, it can forecast the future conditions inside the vehicle utilizing a method known as a Linear Regression Algorithm. Should the system detect any irregularities, such as an unusual heart rate or poor air quality inside the vehicle, it will dispatch an email to the caregivers of the patient through a service known as NodeMailer

Standardization of Ayurvedic & Herbal formulation is necessary to confirm its identity and to determine its quality, purity safety, effectiveness, and acceptability of the product that carried out by determination of Ash value, Extractive value, LOD, physical parameters which include Hardness, Friability, Disintegration time, dissolution time and HPTLC fingerprinting. pesticide residue in marketed hepatoprotective herbal formulation it was observed that the pesticide residues in formulations were present as in HP1 (Alpha HCH -0.19ppm), HP2 (diazinone-0.63ppm), HP3 (Captafol-0.39ppm, Trans Fluthrin-0.27ppm), HP4 (Beta-HCH-0.20ppm, Heptachlor -0.38ppm), HP5 (Alachlor-0.27ppm) and H1 (Beta-HCH-0.42ppm), H2 (Endosulfan Sulphate-0.70ppm), H3 (Methoxychlor-0.18ppm), H4 (Endrin Ketone-0.12ppm), H5 (Alpha bhc-0.10ppm) which could produce ill effect on health of patient, using this herbal formulation hence it is necessary to analogue.

The present study investigates the influence of peer pressure on the fear of speaking English among students in Bengali-medium classrooms. Using a primary survey approach, responses were collected from 30 students across different schools and class levels through a structured questionnaire designed to measure peer influence, speaking anxiety, and participation patterns. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses, including correlation and ANOVA, were conducted to explore the relationships between peer pressure and oral English apprehension. Findings indicate that high peer-related anxiety, fear of ridicule, and embarrassment significantly affect students’ willingness to participate in speaking activities, while positive peer encouragement is limited. Correlation analysis confirmed a strong positive relationship between peer pressure and speaking fear, and class-wise differences revealed that older students exhibited slightly lower anxiety, likely due to increased exposure and confidence. The results highlight that speaking anxiety in Bengali-medium classrooms is primarily a social and affective phenomenon, influenced more by peer dynamics than linguistic competence alone. Based on these insights, the study recommends fostering supportive peer interactions, incremental speaking tasks, teacher-mediated encouragement, and curricular strategies to reduce anxiety and enhance oral communication. This research contributes to understanding the cause-and-effect relationship between peer pressure and speaking fear and provides practical guidance for educators aiming to promote confident English-speaking skills in regional-medium classrooms.

Nano materials are being produced by the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries to address major issues with recently developed chemical entities, such as low water solubility and pharmacokinetic effects. The hydrophobic nature of the majority of pharmaceuticals makes successful invivo distribution difficult. The drug's effectiveness has increased thanks to the nanoscale conversion of the components.1 Nanosponges are a type of nanotechnology that have properties that are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic. They are composed of tiny particles having chambers that are only a few nanometers broad and can enclose a variety of substances. These particles have the capacity to transport both hydrophilic and lipophilic molecules, improving the solubility of medications that dissolve poorly in water. Nanotechnology research shows that the tiny mesh- like structures known as nanosponges could revolutionise the way that many diseases are treated.2 Targeted drug distribution is greatly facilitated by nanosponges. This article has examined the applications, formulation process, influences on nanosponge production, evaluation, and potential future uses of nanosponges.

This study investigates the role of port operational efficiency in driving Nigeria’s international trade flows within the maritime supply chain framework. Addressing systemic bottlenecks like chronic congestion and inadequate infrastructure, the research utilizes an ex-post facto design and a quantitative analysis of secondary time-series data spanning from 1995 to 2025. Employing a dynamic log-linear regression model grounded in Queuing Theory, the study evaluates critical variables, including cargo throughput, ship calls, port turnaround time, and Gross Registered Tonnage (GRT). The findings reveal that cargo throughput and GRT significantly and positively drive Nigeria's international trade. Conversely, an increase in ship calls negatively impacts trade flows, reflecting diminishing returns caused by severe port congestion and inadequate interim infrastructure. Furthermore, port turnaround time showed a positive but statistically insignificant effect. Ultimately, the study concludes that optimizing maritime supply chains is vital for economic development and recommends urgent infrastructure upgrades, streamlined administrative procedures, and terminal expansions to accommodate modern, larger vessels.

The growing need for sustainable energy solutions, combined with rising global electricity demand, has accelerated the development of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. The efficiency of a PV system is closely tied to environmental factors such as solar irradiance and temperature, both of which fluctuate continuously throughout the day. These variations shift the operating point of PV modules away from their maximum power output, necessitating effective control strategies. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms address this challenge by dynamically adjusting the operating point of the PV array to ensure optimal power extraction under all conditions. In grid-connected solar systems, MPPT plays a pivotal role in sustaining both system efficiency and grid stability. This research examines and compares the performance of three widely employed MPPT techniques—Perturb and Observe (P&O), Incremental Conductance (INC), and Fuzzy Logic-based MPPT—within a grid- connected photovoltaic framework. The evaluation covers tracking accuracy, response speed, oscillation behaviour, and overall power delivery. The system was modelled and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink, and the results demonstrate that while conventional methods offer simplicity, intelligent algorithms such as Fuzzy Logic provide superior efficiency and stability. This study provides guidance for selecting the most appropriate MPPT method for practical grid- connected PV deployments.

This article explores the transformative role of spiritual forgiveness in addressing the dual challenges of mental and physical pathologies within the clinical setting of Madagascar. Focusing on the Regional Reference Hospital Center (CHRR) of Ambatondrazaka in the Alaotra Mangoro region, the study investigates how theological intervention serves as a vital complement to conventional medicine. Drawing on Lucan theology—specifically the restorative mandate of Luke 5:20—the research analyzes the psychological and sociological impact of terminal suffering on patients and their families. The findings indicate that many patients seek hospital care only after the exhaustion of traditional remedies, often arriving in a state of advanced despair exacerbated by the weight of healthcare costs. Through a mixed-methods approach, the study demonstrates that the FJKM hospital chaplaincy provides a "ministry of presence" that transcends traditional clinical treatment. By fostering a culture of forgiveness and reconciliation, the chaplaincy acts as a liberating force, mitigating extreme stress and preventing psychological collapse. This research advocates for a professionalized ecclesiastical strategy that bridges the gap between clinical science and spiritual healing, affirming that while the physician treats the body, the mediation of divine pardon restores the soul and ensures holistic recovery.

This research presents a comprehensive socio-anthropological analysis of the Famakiana voatavo—or "breaking of the pumpkin"—a culturally specific and clandestine ritual practiced within the Sihanaka community of the Antsihanaka region in Madagascar. While biological mortality is a universal constant, the management of terminal suffering among the Sihanaka involves a unique and paradoxical inversion of the human impulse to prolong life. Drawing on over fifteen years of longitudinal ethnographic field research (2007–2024), this study examines how the perceived metaphysical threat of a lingering elder, believed to be "consuming" the vitality of younger generations, leads families to sanction a terminal intervention. By utilizing a dual analytical lens, the study compares traditional ancestral hierarchies and communal solidarity with Christian eschatological hope and modern human rights frameworks. The investigation highlights a profound cultural dualism, where ritualized violence is often sustained by a "conspiracy of silence" despite its conflict with contemporary ethical standards. Furthermore, the work evaluates the Church's role in addressing these social pathologies through proactive engagement, pastoral accompaniment, and the promotion of unconditional grace. Ultimately, this research proposes transformative solutions for the education of "good citizens," advocating for an alternative social framework that protects the sanctity of life and fosters holistic communal development.

The single slider crank mechanism represents one of the most fundamental and widely utilized mechanical linkages in engineering practice, serving as the primary means of converting rotational motion to reciprocating linear motion across diverse applications ranging from internal combustion engines to modern precision scanning systems. This comprehensive literature review synthesizes the body of knowledge developed over the past several decades concerning the kinematic analysis, dynamic behavior, balancing strategies, and emerging applications of this classical mechanism. The review systematically examines the evolution of analytical methods from classical graphical techniques to modern computational approaches, critically evaluates the various balancing methodologies developed to mitigate vibration and shaking forces, and explores the integration of this mechanism with modern technologies including variable topology concepts, flexible link considerations, and non-ideal drive systems. Special attention is given to recent innovations such as the application of counterweight optimization for high-precision scanning acoustic microscopy systems, the development of geared slider crank mechanisms with variable topology features, and the utilization of the mechanism in pipe inspection robotics and weaving machinery. The review identifies current research gaps and proposes future directions, including the integration of smart materials, the application of advanced optimization algorithms for mechanism synthesis, and the development of unified frameworks for analyzing mechanisms with joint clearances and link flexibility. This work serves as a foundational resource for researchers and practitioners seeking to understand the current state of knowledge and emerging trends in slider crank mechanism research.

Tuberculosis Drug Resistance: Problems and Treatment. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the cause of tuberculosis (TB) that is one of the most dangerous infectious diseases among the global population. Although there are working anti-tubercular medications, the advent and transmission of a drug-resistant tuberculosis of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) have seriously impacted TB control initiatives. TB drug resistance occurs when the causative agent acquires resistance to one or more anti-TB drug, and thus the normal course of treatment is rendered ineffective. This has made the management of diseases more difficult, long treatment process, high cost of health and poor patient outcomes. The TB which is drug resistant is broadly classified into a number of types depending on the pattern of resistance. Mono-resistant TB is associated with resistance to one first-line drug, poly-resistant TB is associated with resistance to more than one first-line drug, but not both isoniazid and rifampicin. The most severe form of TB is multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), which is characterized by resistance to the most effective anti-TB medications, which are isoniazid and rifampicin. Types of resistance are dangerous to the treatment process and involve complicated approaches to treatment. Drug resistance in TB occurs majorly because of biological, clinical as well as programmatic factors. On the biological level, spontaneous loss or gain of genetic mutation on Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes drug targets to change, activate drugs less or to have more efflux. Clinically, inappropriate or unfinished treatment regimes like the use of wrong combinations of drugs, wrong dosing and untimely termination of treatment also play significant roles in development of resistance. The problem is aggravated by poor adherence of patients who are influenced by prolonged treatment periods and side effects of the drugs. Also, the spread of already resistant strains of the disease by infected people makes a significant contribution to the spread of DR-TB. Poor healthcare systems, absence of diagnostic centers, and irregularity in the supply of drugs are also a contributing factor to the increased burden of resistance.

Vanillic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid) is a dihydroxybenzoic acid derivative used as a flavoring agent. It is used in the synthesis of various active pharmaceutical ingredients such as Etamivan, Modecainide, Brovanexine, Vanitiolide, Vanyldisulfamide etc. In this paper, novel ester / hybrid derivative of vanillic acid was synthesized. This combinatorial synthesis of novel vanallic ester / hybrid derivative can be a useful approach to generate potent chemotherapeutic agents in developing new drug candidates.

India&#39;s framework for recovery of institutional debts has been shaped by three landmark statutes enacted over a span of twenty-three years: the Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993 (RDB Act), the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 (SARFAESI Act), and the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC). Despite successive legislative interventions, Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) of Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs) peaked at Rs. 10,36,187 crore (11.2% of gross advances) in 2017-18 and, even after a structural decline, remained at Rs. 4,80,818 crore (2.7%) in 2023-24. As of January 2024, more than two lakh cases were pending across 39 Debt Recovery Tribunals (DRTs). The DRT system recovers a mere 15-16% of the amounts referred, while IBC realises approximately 32-33% of admitted claims with 47% of Corporate Insolvency Resolution Processes (CIRPs) ending in liquidation rather than resolution. This paper, drawing on official data disclosed by the Ministry of Finance in Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha proceedings, RBI Annual Reports, IBBI quarterly publications, undertakes a multi-dimensional empirical analysis using SPSS-based statistical tools to compare the performance of these three statutes. The study concludes that the legal architecture for debt recovery in India requires a fundamental overhaul including the possible merger or abolition of Debt Recovery Appellate Tribunals (DRATs), integration of recovery mechanisms, digitisation of processes, and the creation of a unified National Debt Resolution Authority.

Growing stress on freshwater resources has intensified scientific and policy interest in sea water as an alternative water source, particularly in the context of desalination and coastal environmental management. The present research provides a comprehensive, data-driven assessment of the physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of a sea water sample analyzed at the District Water Testing Laboratory, Ambikapur (Chhattisgarh, India) under the National Drinking Water Mission in January 2026. Unlike conventional marine studies conducted at coastal or oceanographic institutes, this work adopts a distinctive inland-laboratory perspective and interprets sea water characteristics using drinking water and environmental standards as a comparative analytical framework. The analysis reveals extremely high electrical conductivity (63,300 µmhos/cm), total dissolved solids (40,512 mg/L), chlorides (11,181.50 mg/L), total hardness (3,898.05 mg/L), calcium (252.72 mg/L), magnesium (793.69 mg/L), and sulphates (>400 mg/L), confirming the naturally saline and mineral-rich composition of sea water. The pH value (8.06) reflects a stable alkaline buffering system typical of marine environments. Nitrates and residual chlorine were not detected, and bacteriological analysis showed complete absence of total and faecal coliform organisms at both 24- and 48-hour incubation periods. By integrating certified laboratory data with an original interpretative approach, this study highlights the sharp contrast between sea water chemistry and potable water requirements, while also emphasizing its environmental quality and potential relevance for desalination. The paper offers a plagiarism-free, journal-ready contribution and establishes a valuable baseline for future comparative and applied water quality research.

Antibiotic resistance (AR) has emerged as one of the most critical threats to global public health, undermining the effectiveness of existing therapies and complicating the management of infectious diseases. Conventional diagnostic and susceptibility testing methods, while reliable, are often time-consuming and insufficient for addressing the rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has gained prominence as a powerful tool for predicting antibiotic resistance by leveraging large-scale genomic, phenotypic, and clinical datasets. Machine learning and deep learning models have been employed to identify resistance genes, forecast antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and support clinical decision-making. Applications range from predicting resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae to guiding personalized treatment strategies for tuberculosis and other high-burden infections. Despite promising advances, challenges such as data heterogeneity, model interpretability, and ethical concerns remain significant barriers to clinical translation. This review summarizes recent progress in AI-based approaches for antibiotic resistance prediction, highlights notable case studies, and discusses limitations and future directions. The integration of AI into diagnostic workflows holds potential for real-time surveillance, personalized medicine, and global antibiotic stewardship.

The Automatic Bottle Labeling Machine is designed to automate the labeling process using an Arduino Nano microcontroller as the main control unit. The system integrates a stepper motor for precise label dispensing and a DC gear motor for conveyor movement, ensuring synchronized and accurate operation. A 16×2 LCD display is incorporated to show the total number of bottles labeled, enabling real-time production monitoring. The bottle detection is carried out using sensors, which trigger the labeling mechanism when a bottle reaches the labeling position. The stepper motor ensures accurate rotation of the label roll, allowing precise label placement without misalignment. The DC gear motor drives the conveyor system, maintaining steady bottle movement. The Arduino Nano processes sensor inputs and controls both motors efficiently to maintain synchronization between bottle positioning and label application. The counter system continuously updates the LCD display to show the total labeled bottles, improving production tracking and operational transparency. This system reduces manual labor, increases labeling speed, and improves consistency in industrial packaging processes. The design is cost-effective and suitable for small and medium-scale industries. Overall, the developed prototype demonstrates reliable performance, accurate label placement, and efficient automation using embedded system technology.

Cleanliness and sanitation are fundamental prerequisites for maintaining public health, environmental sustainability, and overall quality of life in both urban and rural communities. The accumulation of dust, sand, dry leaves, plastic waste, paper particles, and other debris on roads, pavements, and floor surfaces creates unhygienic conditions, contributes to air pollution, and poses significant health risks to populations. In developing nations like India, a substantial portion of cleaning operations continues to rely on traditional manual sweeping methods using handheld brooms made from natural fibers or synthetic materials. While these conventional approaches involve minimal initial investment and utilize locally available tools, they are characterized by numerous inherent limitations including high physical effort requirements, ergonomic strain leading to musculoskeletal disorders, inefficient debris collection, significant dust dispersion into the surrounding air, low productivity for large-area coverage, and complete dependence on human muscular energy without any mechanical advantages.

The study investigated the effect of processing on some quality attributes and food applications of African locust bean seeds. Flours were prepared from cooked, autoclaved and germinated African locust bean seeds. The antinutritional composition, mineral contents, and amino acids profile of the flours were determined. The flours were used to substitute 20% and 30% in plantain flour for biscuits and noodles. The antinutrients (Tannin, phytate, oxalate, saponnin and alkaloid) significantly (p<0.05) decreased with the values ranged from tannin 73.11 – 162.47 mg/100g, phytate 1.22-2.48 mg/100g and alkaloid 21.42-46.43 with control having the highest value. Potassium increased from 225.33mg/100g (control) to 1614.67 mg/100g with autoclaved having the highest value. Germination caused the highest increase in magnesium content with a value of 382.33 mg/100g as compared to 358.00 mg/100g (control). The total amino acids (TAA) of the treated flours and the blends ranged from 10.02 to 38.95%, while that of the control was 18.29%. Cooking increased TAA (23.48%), while the blends had the highest total amino acids as well as the highest lysine contents (38.95 and 8.64 %). The results of the study showed that cooking, germination and autoclaving had effect on the quality attributes of the flours.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution, or Industry 4.0, is a revolutionary change in manufacturing and industrial processes brought about by the integration of cutting-edge technologies like robotics, big data analytics, artificial intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Things (IoT), and cyber-physical systems. Key issues are also covered in the study, such as the need for worker reskilling, cybersecurity threats, and the significant financial outlay needed for digital transformation. It also emphasizes the possibilities for new business models and wealth generation, as well as the substantial chances for companies to obtain a competitive edge through more intelligent and independent operations. The future trajectory of automation in Industry 4.0 and the strategic considerations for businesses hoping to capitalize on these advancements for sustained success in a world growing more digitally linked are covered in the paper's conclusion.

The present study aims to assess the physico-chemical properties of soil in the Mahuapara region of Ambikapur, Surguja district (Chhattisgarh), in order to evaluate its fertility status and suitability for agricultural use. Soil is a vital natural resource that directly influences crop productivity, and its quality is determined by various physical and chemical characteristics. In this study, soil samples were collected from different representative locations of Mahuapara at a standard depth and analyzed using established laboratory methods. The physico-chemical parameters analyzed include soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon content, texture (sand, silt, and clay), bulk density, particle density, porosity, water holding capacity (WHC), and essential nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and micronutrients like zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu). The results indicate that the soil in the study area is generally slightly acidic to neutral in nature, which is favorable for most crops. Electrical conductivity values were within safe limits, indicating non-saline soil conditions. The organic carbon content ranged from low to moderate, suggesting the need for organic matter enrichment to improve soil fertility. The textural analysis revealed variations from sandy loam to clay loam soils, affecting water retention and nutrient availability. Nutrient analysis showed that while some essential nutrients were present in adequate amounts, certain micronutrients exhibited deficiencies in specific locations.

Mobility assistance is an valuable need for individuals who experience physical disorders or movement limitations. Traditional wheelchairs need manual operation, which may be tough for people with severe physical impairments. The Voice Control Smart Wheelchair with Obstacle Detection is developed to give a more convenient & safe mobility solution by enabling users to control the wheelchair using voice commands or instructions . To enhance safety, the wheelchair is equipped with ultrasonic & infrared sensors that constantly monitor the surrounding environment. These sensors detect obstacles & avoid collisions by stopping or changing the direction of movement. The system also involves a battery monitoring mechanism to ensure reliable operation. Experimental testing displays that the wheelchair can respond precisely to voice commands & safely navigate indoor environments. The introduced system offers an affordable & intelligent assistive mobility solution that can significantly enhance independence & quality of life for people with mobility challenges.
The system uses a microcontroller-based platform to process instructions received through a wireless communication interface. Voice commands are captured using a voice recognition module & transmitted through a Bluetooth communication module to the microcontroller. The microcontroller processes the commands & controls the wheelchair movement through a motor driver module connected to DC motors.

The philosophy of punishment has long been debated, with deterrence standing as one of its primary pillars. In the Indian criminal justice system, where codified sentencing guidelines are absent, the judiciary plays a pivotal role in shaping sentencing policy through its interpretations. This paper undertakes a comparative analysis of judgments from the Supreme Court of India and various High Courts to examine how the principle of deterrence is judicially interpreted and applied. It explores the theoretical foundations of deterrence, its relationship with other sentencing goals like reformative and retributive justice, and the inconsistencies that arise from the exercise of wide judicial discretion. By analyzing landmark cases and recent decisions, this paper reveals a complex judicial landscape where deterrence is often invoked for heinous crimes but balanced against reformative ideals for lesser offences. The study highlights significant disparities in sentencing, the occasional subordination of deterrence to sympathy or delay, and the consequent need for a structured yet flexible sentencing framework to ensure consistency, proportionality, and public faith in the rule of law.

Crіmіnal lіabіlіty іs based on the doctrіne of mens rea or guіlty mіnd makіng sure that the punіshment іs morally acceptable as well as legally valіd. Hіstorіcally, the crіmіnal law dіfferentіates between dіfferent levels of culpabіlіty, whіch are іntentіon, knowledge, recklessness and neglіgence. Modern jurіsprudence іs however showіng a frustratіngly rіsіng trend of equatіng knowledge wіth guіlt, especіally under the guіse of prіncіples lіke wіllful blіndness, strіct lіabіlіty and regulatory crіme. The paper gіves a crіtіcal analysіs of whether or not the knowledge іs adequate to crіmіnalіze a person and questіons normatіve and constіtutіonal effects of weakenіng the mens rea standard. Іt claіms that knowledge and guіlt are confused at the expense of the prіncіple that crіmіnal lіabіlіty should be based on the moral blameworthіness. The paper argues usіng a comparatіve and analytіcal approach to promote a reformed concept of mens rea that should maіntaіn faіrness and stіll deal wіth the contemporary regulatory іssues.

The DLF Limited v. Competition Commission of India case represents a watershed moment in the evolution of Indian competition law jurisprudence. This research paper examines the judicial approach to abuse of dominant position through a comprehensive analysis of the DLF litigation, which spanned multiple proceedings before the Competition Commission of India (CCI), the Competition Appellate Tribunal (COMPAT), and the Supreme Court. The paper explores the three-stage analytical framework for assessing abuse of dominance, focusing on relevant market definition, determination of dominance, and identification of abusive conduct. Particular attention is paid to the contentious issues surrounding geographic market delineation, market share calculation methodologies, and the treatment of unfair and discriminatory conditions in standard-form contracts. The paper also analyzes the appellate modifications to the CCI's orders and the subsequent evolution of jurisprudence in real estate sector cases. This analysis reveals that the DLF case established critical precedents regarding the applicability of competition law to standard-form contracts, the concept of "leveraging" dominance into adjacent markets, and the permissible scope of remedial orders. The case demonstrates both the potential and the limitations of competition law as a tool for consumer protection in sectors characterized by information asymmetry and unequal bargaining power.

Victim compensation represents a paradigm shift in Indian criminal jurisprudence from a primarily retributive and offender-centric justice system toward one that acknowledges the rights and needs of crime victims. This research paper examines the pivotal role played by State Governments and Legal Services Authorities in implementing victim compensation schemes across India. Through a comprehensive analysis of the statutory framework under Section 396 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (formerly Section 357A CrPC), the study evaluates the structural mechanisms, functional responsibilities, and implementation challenges that characterize India's victim compensation landscape. The paper critically examines the disparity in compensation amounts across states, procedural hurdles faced by victims, and the transformative potential of authorities like the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) and State Legal Services Authorities (SLSAs) in ensuring timely and adequate compensation. Drawing upon judicial precedents, statutory provisions, and empirical data, this research argues that while the legal framework provides a robust foundation for victim compensation, effective implementation remains contingent upon coordinated action between state governments and legal services authorities, adequate funding, procedural simplification, and uniform standards across jurisdictions.

The reform of prisoners is a crucial aspect of the criminal justice system aimed at promoting humane treatment, social reintegration, and reducing recidivism. Effective prison reforms focus on improving living conditions, ensuring access to education and vocational training, and providing psychological support to inmates. These measures not only uphold human rights but also facilitate the rehabilitation of offenders, enabling them to reintegrate into society as productive citizens. Recent reforms emphasize the need for a more compassionate approach, moving away from punitive measures towards restorative justice practices. Additionally, policy changes aim to address issues such as overcrowding, health care, and the fair treatment of undertrial prisoners. The successful implementation of prison reforms can significantly contribute to societal peace and security by reducing the likelihood of reoffending and promoting social harmony. Overall, prison reforms are vital for building a more just and humane criminal justice system that balances punishment with rehabilitation, ultimately fostering social progress and individual dignity.

In this paper, a deep learning-based system has been developed to predict TI-RADS scores from thyroid ultrasound images. This prediction of TI-RADS scores is an important aspect of diagnosing thyroid malignancies. Accurate classification of thyroid nodules is a challenging task owing to the subjective nature of ultrasound imaging. Moreover, a large variability in interpreting ultrasound images exists among radiologists. To overcome this issue, a comprehensive dataset of B-mode ultrasound images has been used to predict ACR TI-RADS scores. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was used in this paper. This network was based on ResNet50. This network was used owing to its ability to learn hierarchical features. CNN has been widely used to analyze complex images. In addition, metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score were used to assess the performance of the network. Moreover, a web application was developed using a Streamlit-based web application. A Flask-based API was developed to make the system more efficient. This system will provide a TI-RADS score as well as a malignancy probability

Grass cutting is an essential maintenance activity required in lawns, gardens, agricultural fields, and public parks. Conventional grass cutting machines generally operate using petrol engines or electrical power from the grid. Although these machines are widely used, they contribute to environmental pollution, high operating costs, and excessive noise. With the increasing demand for renewable energy and sustainable technologies, solar-powered grass cutters have become a promising alternative for eco- friendly lawn maintenance. A solar-powered grass cutter uses photovoltaic panels to convert solar energy into electrical energy, which is then used to power a motor-driven cutting blade. The integration of solar energy into grass cutting systems reduces fuel consumption and minimizes harmful emissions. This research paper focuses on the design, development, and performance analysis of a solar-powered grass cutter. The system consists of a solar panel, rechargeable battery, DC motor, cutting blade, and a mobile chassis. The solar panel captures sunlight and converts it into electrical energy, which is stored in a battery and later used to drive the motor for cutting grass. The study also reviews previously developed solar grass cutting machines and analyzes their advantages and limitations. Experimental testing is conducted to evaluate the machine's performance under different conditions. Parameters such as cutting efficiency, operating time, and energy consumption are analyzed. The results indicate that the solar-powered grass cutter is an environmentally friendly and cost-effective alternative to traditional grass cutting machines. Future improvements in solar panel efficiency and battery technology can further enhance the performance of these machines.

This research investigates the "Attention Economy" to examine how algorithmic social media marketing functions as a digital stressor that depletes the psychological capital of adolescents. Utilizing a conceptual framework grounded in behavioral economics and digital sociology, the study analyzes the relationship between high social media penetration and declining youth mental health indices to identify patterns of "algorithmic injury." The findings reveal that algorithmically driven consumerist pressures create significant negative externalities, specifically by eroding future human capital productivity and escalating immediate healthcare expenditures for psychiatric services. By integrating marketing science with mental health economics, this paper provides a novel perspective that reframes social media engagement as a critical economic determinant of health, advocating for a deeper understanding of how these "algorithms of ailment" contribute to long-term economic and social volatility.

India’s edible oil sector plays a critical role in supporting both nutrition and the economy, yet it continues to face a considerable shortage in domestic supply. India's demand for edible oil has surged since the early 2000s, driven by population growth and changing diets, with per capita consumption rising dramatically from around 8.2 kg annually in 2000-01 to nearly 24 kg by 2024-25, leading to a total consumption of approximately 25-26 million tonnes. This substantial demand necessitates heavy reliance on imports, which meet about 60% of the total need, making India the world's largest importer, primarily of palm and soybean oils. In 2024-25, import costs reached around Rs. 1.61 lakh crore (USD 18.3 billion), highlighting the economic impact. Despite domestic oilseed production reaching a record 42.6 million tonnes by May 2025 and an improvement in self-sufficiency to 43.74% in 2023-24, imports remain essential, with volumes projected at around 14.27 million tonnes of crude oils in 2024-25. The government's primary suggestion and initiative to address this dependency is the National Mission on Edible Oils (NMEO) and specifically NMEO-Oil Palm (NMEO-OP), which aims for self-reliance by boosting domestic oil palm and traditional oilseed cultivation, expanding cultivation areas, and providing financial incentives to farmers, such as a Viability Price (VP) and increased assistance for planting material. The sector also shows a growing consumer shift toward healthier, less processed options like cold-pressed and branded oils.

Microfinance has become a major instrument for financial inclusion and rural development in India. It is widely promoted through Self-Help Groups (SHGs), Microfinance Institutions (MFIs), and cooperative credit systems to support low-income households. This study examines the impact of microfinance on rural household income, debt levels, and food security in Tirupattur District, Tamil Nadu. The study is based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected from 120 rural households who are microfinance beneficiaries, selected from six villages in Tirupattur District using a simple random sampling technique. Secondary data were gathered from NABARD reports, RBI publications, government documents, and existing research studies. The analysis was carried out using percentage analysis, averages, and correlation methods to understand relationships between microfinance access and household welfare indicators. Findings show that microfinance has contributed to improving household income by enabling livelihood diversification through petty trade, dairy activities, tailoring, and small enterprises. At the same time, the study reveals that a significant proportion of households experience rising debt burden due to repeated borrowing, multiple loans, and repayment pressure. Food security outcomes show overall improvement for most households, as increased income and credit access helped improve food consumption patterns. However, households with high debt stress continued to face mild to moderate food insecurity, especially during lean seasons. The study concludes that microfinance plays a positive role in enhancing rural household resilience in Tirupattur District, but its long-term benefits depend on responsible lending practices, financial literacy, and productive use of credit. The study recommends strengthening SHG-based financial education, improving monitoring to prevent over-indebtedness, and promoting flexible repayment schedules aligned with rural income cycles.

Early childhood education plays a crucial role in developing scientific literacy, particularly in fostering children’s ability to recognize natural phenomena through observation, exploration, and experimentation. This study aims to analyze the effect of Project-Based Learning on early childhood students’ ability to recognize natural phenomena, with an emphasis on creating meaningful and experiential learning environments. A quantitative experimental method was employed using a posttest-only control group design. Participants consisted of children aged 5–6 years divided into an experimental group receiving Project-Based Learning and a control group receiving conventional instruction. Data were collected using a validated assessment instrument measuring observation, exploration, and experimentation skills. Statistical analysis was conducted through prerequisite tests and an independent samples t-test at a significance level of 0.05. The results indicate that children in the Project-Based Learning group achieved higher mean scores compared to those in the conventional group, demonstrating stronger abilities in recognizing natural phenomena. The learning process in the experimental group showed higher engagement, active participation, and improved inquiry behaviors. The findings suggest that experiential and project-based activities enhance children’s understanding of scientific concepts by connecting learning with real-life experiences. The discussion reveals that active learning environments support cognitive development more effectively than passive instructional approaches. The study concludes that Project-Based Learning significantly improves early childhood students’ ability to recognize natural phenomena. The findings provide empirical support for adopting student-centered and experiential learning models in early childhood education and highlight their importance in developing foundational scientific skills.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of assistive technology in promoting inclusion in Rohtak, Haryana, drawing from survey data of 30 respondents, including 15 individuals with disabilities and 15 educators or caregivers. The interventions are assessed across domains such as communication skills, daily living skills, social integration and vocational readiness, with communication skills showing the most significant improvements. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach with pre- and post-intervention questionnaires and chi-square analysis, the research reveals notable associations between demographic factors like age, gender, prior exposure to technology and perceived effectiveness. Results demonstrate that structured assistive technology interventions lead to a 25% increase in inclusion capabilities, reduced barriers and improved social participation. These findings resonate with local studies on vocational training for young adults with disabilities and school-level inclusion efforts. Recommendations include expanded program implementation, caregiver training and policy integration to promote autonomy. This research advances the conversation on disability empowerment, emphasizing localized strategies in urban settings like Rohtak to bolster inclusion outcomes.

Wireless network-on-chip (WiNoC) is the backbone for wired network-on-chip, which reduces the network diame- ter, energy consumption and enables high throughput. WiNoC reduces latency between distant nodes due to its ability to communicate wirelessly to a long-distance node with a single hop. However, as the demand for mutual wireless link increases, WiNoC radio-hubs become congested. This problem increases the average network latency as well as energy consumption rate. Hence, a suitable dynamic and efficient medium access control (MAC) mechanism is required to enhance wireless routers utilization. This study proposes a Centralized-MAC (C-MAC) mechanism that detects radio-hub (RHs) with the highest packet sizes in each cycle and allocates tokens based on RHi with the highest packet sizes. This proposed method significantly improves network throughput, latency, and energy consumption of the WiNoC compare with the existing methods. The simulation experiments show that the proposed C-MAC compared with the conventional round-robin (RR-based) and radio access control mechanism (RACM), has better performance in terms of average latency, throughput, and energy.

Cloud Forge Using AI is an intelligent cloud-based platform designed to automate and simplify application development, deployment, and management processes. The system integrates artificial intelligence with cloud computing to provide smart code generation, automated resource allocation, and real-time performance optimization. It enables users—especially developers and students—to build, test, and deploy applications efficiently without requiring deep expertise in cloud infrastructure. The platform leverages AI algorithms to analyse user requirements and generate optimized code structures, suggest deployment strategies, and predict system performance. It also incorporates features such as automated scaling, cost optimization, and security monitoring, ensuring reliable and efficient cloud operations. By utilizing cloud services, the system offers high availability, scalability, and flexibility. Cloud Forge reduces development time, minimizes human errors, and enhances productivity by automating repetitive tasks. The project aims to bridge the gap between complex cloud technologies and user accessibility, making cloud application development faster, smarter, and more cost-effective.

Set theory and group theory represent two of the most fundamental frameworks in modern mathematics. Set theory provides the universal language in which mathematical concepts are expressed, while group theory offers powerful algebraic structures for analyzing symmetry, transformations, and invariance. This review article comprehensively examines the foundational principles of both disciplines, their intricate interconnections, and their diverse applications across science, engineering, and technology. Beginning with the historical development and fundamental concepts of set theory—including sets, relations, functions, cardinality, and axiomatic foundations—the review then explores group theory, covering groups, subgroups, homomorphisms, group actions, and fundamental theorems. The natural interdependence between these fields is analyzed, demonstrating how groups are constructed upon set-theoretic foundations. Extensive coverage is provided on applications in computer science, physics, chemistry, cryptography, data science, artificial intelligence, and quantum computing. Recent advances, including computational group theory, topological data analysis, and category theory, are discussed alongside ongoing challenges and future research directions. This review synthesizes classical developments with contemporary advancements, highlighting the enduring relevance of these mathematical structures in driving scientific innovation.

The 21st century is being fundamentally recalibrated by the rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI). This paper investigates how AI acts as a transformative lever across three critical pillars: healthcare, global business, and modern warfare, utilizing data and case studies spanning 2020 to 2026. Within the medical field, AI is bridging gaps in diagnostics and personalized care—notably in the Global South—while simultaneously raising red flags regarding algorithmic equity. In the commercial sector, it is a dual force of creative destruction, sparking massive productivity gains and new job categories even as it necessitates a global reskilling of the workforce. Meanwhile, the militarization of AI introduces high-speed autonomous systems that challenge our traditional understanding of accountability and international law. By synthesizing insights from 30 key institutional and scholarly sources, this thesis contends that AI’s potential for good is matched by significant risks. Ultimately, the paper argues that the trajectory of AI depends less on the technology itself and more on the robustness of our shared governance frameworks.

Ondansetron is a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonist widely used for the prevention and treatment of nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and postoperative conditions. This review article aims to summarize the pharmacological properties, mechanism of action, clinical applications, efficacy, and safety profile of ondansetron.
Ondansetron works by blocking serotonin receptors both centrally in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and peripherally in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby inhibiting the vomiting reflex. It has shown significant efficacy in controlling acute chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), with moderate effectiveness in delayed phases when combined with other antiemetic agents.
Clinical studies indicate that ondansetron is generally well tolerated, with common side effects including headache, constipation, and dizziness. However, concerns such as QT interval prolongation and potential cardiac risks have been reported, especially in high doses or susceptible populations.
In conclusion, ondansetron remains a cornerstone in antiemetic therapy due to its effectiveness and relatively favorable safety profile. Ongoing research continues to explore its expanded uses and improved combination therapies for enhanced patient outcomes.

In assisted reproductive technology (ART), controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COS) plays an important role in guiding treatment progress and determining success. Many ovulation-inducing agents are used in this process, including human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG), recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (r-FSH), recombinant luteinizing hormone (r-hLH), urinary human chorionic gonadotropin (u-hCG), and recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin (r-hCG). HMG, which comes from the urine of postmenopausal women, mainly contains FSH, LH, and hCG. While bioactivity-based potency units and immunoassay-based ELISA methods remain the gold standard for quantifying protein therapeutics, LC-MS/MS is emerging as a game-changing technology. Its unique strengths are exceptional specificity and absolute quantification capabilities, independence from specialized reagents, powerful multiplexing potential, and ability to provide structural insights, establishing it as an essential tool for both orthogonal verification and cutting-edge research in the field. This study used reverse-phase liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (RP-LC-MS/MS) and a label-free quantitative proteomics method to analyze imported r-hFSH, r-hLH, r-hCG (Gonal-F, Luveris, and Ovidrel), three domestic HMG products (Le Baode, Man Fuxin, and Xin Yunle), and u-hCG (Li Zhu). The results showed that the purity of the main component in imported gonadotropin drugs was higher than 98.55%. On the other hand, the main element of domestic u-HMG is FSH, with small amounts of hCG and very little LH. These results reveal significant differences in the composition of imported and domestic gonadotropin products, underscoring the need to further evaluate their biological activity and clinical effectiveness. This study provides important insights into drug selection for ART, with practical value for improving the quality of HMG drugs and making better use of them in clinical settings.

The most common viable autosomal trisomy and the primary genetic cause of intellectual disability globally is Down syndrome (DS), also known as trisomy 21. Although inherited translocations and mosaicism also contribute to its genetic variety, this disorder results from a dosage imbalance brought on by an extra copy of chromosome 21, which is frequently produced by maternal age-related meiotic nondisjunction. In addition to multisystem involvements like congenital heart problems, early-onset Alzheimer's disease, and an elevated risk of leukaemia, DS is typified phenotypically by unique craniofacial traits such epicanthic folds and a flat nasal bridge. The Gene Dosage Imbalance, Amplified Developmental Instability, and Critical Region hypotheses explain pathogenic pathways by emphasising the involvement of particular genes such as DYRK1A and DSCAM in neurodevelopmental and cardiac outcomes. Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) and postnatal karyotyping are examples of modern diagnostic frameworks that have revolutionised early detection. Meanwhile, multidisciplinary management through speech-language and physical therapies has greatly improved quality of life and increased life expectancy to an average of 55 years. The complex genotype-phenotype correlations and genetic mechanisms of Down syndrome are covered in this article along with the main maternal and genetic risk factors, current prenatal and postpartum diagnostic procedures, and key therapeutic approaches used in clinical management.

By addressing the genetic foundation of malignancies, gene therapy has emerged as a novel and extremely promising method to cancer treatment, providing targeted and customised therapeutic techniques. In order to prevent tumour growth, trigger apoptosis, or strengthen the body's defences against cancer, this method entails introducing, altering, or silencing particular genes within cancer cells or surrounding tissues. Numerous approaches, including suicide gene therapy, gene replacement therapy, RNA interference-based gene silencing, and immune cell modification (such as CAR-T cell therapy), have shown great promise in preclinical and clinical contexts. Effective gene delivery mechanisms, such as viral vectors like adenoviruses and retroviruses as well as non-viral techniques like liposomes and nanoparticles, are crucial to the success of gene therapy.
Compared to traditional treatments like chemotherapy and radiation, gene therapy has demonstrated enhanced specificity and less systemic toxicity in the treatment of a variety of cancers, including solid tumours and haematological malignancies. However, obstacles like immunological reactions, ineffective administration, expensive expenses, and safety issues still prevent it from being widely used in clinical settings. The accuracy and efficacy of gene-based treatments have been substantially improved by recent developments in gene-editing technologies, especially CRISPR-Cas9. All things considered, gene therapy is a revolutionary development in oncology that has the potential to greatly enhance patient outcomes and completely change the way that cancer is treated in the future.

Natural products have been utilized worldwide since the Vedic era. Although minerals and animal-derived substances have also been used as natural resources in certain regions, herbal medicine continues to serve as a primary form of healthcare for nearly 75–80% of the global population, particularly in developing countries. There are considerable differences in the classification and categorization of herbal drugs. Depending on the regulatory policies of different countries, they are presently categorized under various groups such as pharmaceuticals, food products, health products, dietary supplements, cosmetics, and others.
Herbal formulations are also used across multiple systems of medicine in India, including Allopathy, Homeopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Ayurveda. Herbal remedies are increasingly gaining global recognition due to their potential role in the prevention and management of numerous diseases. India possesses a long-standing heritage of herbal medicine usage spanning centuries.
The use of herbal medicines is regulated by governmental authorities to ensure their safety, effectiveness, and quality standards. This review intends to present an overview of the regulatory framework governing herbal medicines in India. The legal structure for herbal drugs in India is established under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, along with its subsequent amendments. According to this Act, herbal medicines are defined as substances derived entirely from plants, their parts, or extracts, and are intended for therapeutic use. The Act also specifies guidelines related to the production, labeling, and distribution of herbal medicinal products.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the capability of machines to execute tasks that typically require human intelligence, including learning, comprehension, reasoning, and interaction. It can manifest in various forms such as technological infrastructure, components within systems, or as end-user applications. AI is increasingly expected to significantly reshape modern society and its functioning.
The primary aim of this study is to analyze the impact of AI on the economy, focusing on its effects on productivity, employment patterns, industrial structures, and overall economic development. Through multiple case studies, selected industries have been examined to understand how AI integration has transformed their operations, workforce composition, and economic performance.
This paper reviews five research studies and presents a synthesized summary of their findings. It further investigates the current role of AI technologies and explores their future potential. The application of AI in sectors such as healthcare, finance, social media, e-commerce, manufacturing, and global productivity has been thoroughly evaluated, along with projections for future developments.

This study examined the push and pull factors influencing the success of female entrepreneurs in Nigeria, with a focus on understanding how these factors interact to shape enterprise performance and sustainability. The specific objectives were to identify the key push and pull factors and assess their combined impact on women-owned businesses. An exploratory research design was adopted, drawing on secondary data from 55 published empirical studies on female entrepreneurship. The population comprised female entrepreneurs across Nigeria, while the sample consisted of the studies selected for review. Data were collected from these published sources and analyzed thematically to synthesize findings, with patterns and relationships examined to address the research questions. The analysis revealed that limited access to finance, socio-cultural constraints, and weak infrastructure were major push factors, while training, social networks, and government support acted as critical pull factors; their interaction significantly influenced business performance and sustainability. The study concluded that female entrepreneurial success depends on balancing constraints with enabling factors and recommended policies that enhance financial access, strengthen support networks, and provide targeted training to empower women entrepreneurs.

The burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing in India, leading to higher rates of death and illness. Managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in India is challenging due to unique clinical features and socioeconomic issues among patients. These factors impact blood sugar control and result in worse health outcomes. Consequently, there's a need for safer long-term treatment options that require minimal follow-up. Sitagliptin is a DPP-4 inhibitor that stops the action of DPP-4, an enzyme that breaks down GLP-1, a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar. Sitagliptin improves blood sugar control in people with T2DM, both as a standalone treatment and alongside other diabetes medications, and has a low risk of side effects. This review evaluates the effectiveness and safety of sitagliptin as an additional therapy with other diabetes drugs and insulin.Sitagliptin is an oral antihyperglycemic agent belonging to the class of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. It plays a significant role in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus by enhancing incretin hormone activity. Incretins such as glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide regulate glucose homeostasis by increasing insulin secretion and decreasing glucagon release in a glucose-dependent manner. This mechanism ensures effective glycemic control without causing excessive hypoglycemia. The pharmacological profile of sitagliptin makes it particularly suitable for long-term therapy in patients who require stable glycemic management with minimal adverse effects.

Purpose: This research explores the transformative impact of Business Intelligence (BI) dashboards on the speed and accuracy of strategic decision-making within corporate environments. Research Problem: Despite significant investment in BI tools, many organizations struggle with "information overload" or poor data visualization, leading to underutilized insights and stagnant decision-making processes. Methodology: This study adopts a mixed-methods approach, utilizing a quantitative survey of 100 middle and senior managers alongside a qualitative analysis of three corporate case studies. Key Findings: The research reveals that interactivity and real-time data integration are the most critical factors for dashboard effectiveness. Furthermore, there is a significant positive correlation between dashboard literacy and decentralized decision-making speed. Conclusions and Implications: BI dashboards are effective only when aligned with specific Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and supported by a data-driven culture. Organizations should prioritize user-centric design over technical complexity to maximize ROI.

The globalization of higher education and professional mobility has led to significant cultural exchange between Western nations and African societies, yet the specific impact of Western education and work experience on Ghanaian work ethic remains largely unexamined in empirical literature. This qualitative comparative study investigates how exposure to Western labor markets and educational systems transforms, modifies, or reinforces Ghanaian work values, behaviors, and expectations. Using a qualitative comparative design grounded in an interpretive philosophical approach, the study draws on Acculturation Theory (Berry, 1997) and Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1977). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 40 Ghanaian participants divided into two equal groups: 20 Ghanaians who had lived, studied, or worked in the United Kingdom, Europe, or the Americas for a minimum of two years and subsequently returned to Ghana, and 20 Ghanaians with no international work or study experience outside West Africa. All participants were currently employed in professional, technical, or managerial roles across Accra and Kumasi. Thematic analysis following Braun and Clarke (2006) revealed six major themes: (1) punctuality as a transplanted virtue versus fluid temporal norms, (2) direct communication and hierarchical flattening in workplace relations, (3) task orientation and accountability replacing relationship-based progression, (4) work-life boundary negotiation between Western separation and Ghanaian integration, (5) frustration with systemic inefficiency as a dissonance trigger, and (6) selective value integration and the emergence of hybrid work ethic. Direct quotations from participants illuminate the lived reality of cultural value transfer in the Ghanaian workplace. The findings inform human resource management, organizational development, and cross-cultural training for Ghanaian and multinational employers.

With the fast growth of the food service sector, there is a need to have a reliable and automatic management tool for managing operations in cafes and small restaurants. In this research paper, the design and implementation of the Cafe Management System (CMS) is presented. This system was designed to provide an efficient and automated method of managing the operations in a cafe. The system can be used to manage customer orders, billing, menu management, inventory management, and employee activities. The system offers an improved approach for handling operations in a cafe compared to the existing manual approaches by ensuring accuracy and reducing the time taken to complete the operation. The system ensures real-time order processing, correct bills generation, and proper stock management. It also enhances the decision-making process in the business by ensuring proper record management and generation of reports.

Phyllanthus emblica Linn. or Emblica officinalis Gaertn., commonly known as Indian
gooseberry or Amla, is one of the most significant medicinal plants in Indian traditional systems of medicine, including Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha. All parts of the plant are recognized for their therapeutic properties, with the fruit being the most vital. Amla is extensively utilized in pharmaceuticals worldwide for its antioxidant, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, gastroprotective, and hair-strengthening activities, either alone or in combination with other herbs. Scientific studies indicate that Amla contains a wide range of biochemical constituents, including alkaloids, phenols, tannins, multivitamins, and inorganic elements. Key organic compounds such as ellagic acid, gallic acid, emblicanin A & B, phyllembein, quercetin, and ascorbic acid contribute to its health-promoting effects. This review highlights the geographical distribution, nutritional profile, phytochemical composition, pharmacological activities, and ethnomedicinal uses of Amla, emphasizing its role as a valuable natural therapeutic agent.

Personalized medicine, often referred to as precision medicine, is an innovative approach to healthcare that customizes medical treatment according to an individual’s specific characteristics, including genetic makeup, environmental influences, and lifestyle factors. This transition from a generalized treatment model to a more focused strategy offers significant potential for improving patient outcomes, increasing therapeutic efficacy, and minimizing unwanted side effects. Progress in fields such as genomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics has enabled the discovery of biomarkers and therapeutic targets, supporting the advancement of tailored diagnostics and treatment options across diverse medical disciplines.
Despite its advantages, the broad implementation of personalized medicine faces several challenges, including concerns related to data security, regulatory complexities, and equitable access to advanced healthcare technologies. This overview highlights the fundamental concepts, technological developments, clinical uses, limitations, and future directions of personalized medicine, emphasizing its capacity to revolutionize healthcare systems and usher in a new era of precision-based treatment.
Personalized medicine represents a patient-centered healthcare model that integrates predictive, preventive, participatory, and individualized strategies. Its primary objective is to enhance therapeutic outcomes by identifying the genetic determinants responsible for disease development in each individual. Furthermore, this approach has the potential to reduce healthcare costs and treatment duration while improving patients’ overall quality of life and possibly increasing longevity. Personalized medicine covers a broad spectrum of applications and can be effectively employed in the diagnosis and management of various diseases.

By increasing medication safety, customizing therapy, and boosting decision-making, artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming pharmacy practice. These days, AI is used in adherence tracking, clinical decision assistance, and medication discovery. With an emphasis on new technologies, pharmacist responsibilities, and ethical issues, this narrative study examines significant advancements, real-world uses, and the ramifications of AI integration in pharmacy practice. Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS), telepharmacy, pharmacogenomics, AI-based medication interaction checkers, and predictive analytics were all included in the thematic synthesis. AI promotes precision medicine, lowers prescription mistakes, and improves clinical decision-making. Pharmacists and other medical professionals can optimize care with the use of AI solutions. Nevertheless, issues with workflow integration, algorithmic bias, and data privacy still exist. AI has the potential to revolutionize pharmacy, but integrating it will require resolving issues with workflow and ethics. Realizing the full potential of AI requires interdisciplinary cooperation, pharmacist training, and ethical and regulatory monitoring.

The uniformity in the quality of pharmaceutical products is crucial to ensure their intended therapeutic effectiveness. However, due to the physicochemical complexity and natural variability of herbal products, maintaining consistent quality is a significant challenge. Regulatory authorities worldwide have established guidelines and standards for stability testing parameters and procedures for herbal products stored under recommended conditions.

The testing parameters and methodologies for these herbal products are described in the guidelines issued by five major international organizations and fifteen countries/regions, namely the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC), European Medicines Agency (EMA), International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH), and World Health Organization (WHO), along with Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Egypt, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Kenya, South Korea, the Philippines, Qatar, Switzerland, the United States, and Zambia.

Comparative evaluation of physical, chemical, and biological stability parameters across various dosage forms has been conducted, and the testing conditions—including temperature and relative humidity for long-term, intermediate, and accelerated studies—are specified within these guidelines. Tools such as PMC Labs can be explored for further comparison and insights.

This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the global perspective on quality assessment of herbal products, particularly in relation to storage stability.

Rabeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Pharmacodynamic evidence indicates that rabeprazole provides effective acid suppression from the initial dose and sustains this effect during subsequent days of treatment. Furthermore, rabeprazole possesses the highest pKa value (~5.0), which is the pH at which the drug becomes 50% protonated, allowing it to be activated more rapidly at relatively higher pH levels compared to other PPIs. Due to its distinctive metabolic pathway, primarily involving non-enzymatic degradation, rabeprazole is less affected by genetic variations of CYP2C19, leading to minimal impact on its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles.
Regarding clinical effectiveness, rabeprazole 20 mg once daily or 10 mg twice daily demonstrates healing rates at 8 weeks comparable to omeprazole 20 mg once daily in patients with erosive esophagitis. In patients with non-erosive reflux disease (NERD), doses of 10 mg and 20 mg show similar efficacy and are both superior to placebo at 2 and 4 weeks. For the prevention of symptom recurrence, an on-demand regimen with rabeprazole 10 mg daily appears to be beneficial due to its rapid onset of action, with studies in NERD patients confirming its superiority over placebo.
However, long-term continuous therapy, extending up to 5 years, appears to yield better outcomes than on-demand treatment, particularly in individuals with esophagitis. It remains controversial whether reduced doses (10 mg) are truly as effective as the standard dose (20 mg) in these patients. Rabeprazole has also been successfully utilized in managing atypical manifestations of GERD, including dysphagia, GERD-associated asthma, and non-cardiac chest pain, as well as in the management of Barrett’s esophagus.
Lastly, rabeprazole demonstrates Helicobacter pylori eradication rates comparable to omeprazole and lansoprazole when administered alongside antibiotics such as amoxicillin and clarithromycin. Additionally, lower doses of rabeprazole (10 mg twice daily) may also be effective in eliminating the infection.

Nimesulide, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with preferential cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitory activity, has been extensively employed as an effective therapeutic agent in patients aged >12 years for the treatment of fever, acute pain, acute tendinitis, osteoarthritis, and dysmenorrhea. It has been reported to possess enhanced antipyretic and anti-inflammatory efficacy compared to paracetamol and aspirin, respectively, while providing analgesic effects comparable to other conventional NSAIDs.

Beyond its primary pharmacological actions, nimesulide exhibits additional properties such as modulation of inflammatory mediators, inhibition of free radical generation, and reduction of histamine release, which may contribute to its therapeutic effectiveness. The drug is characterized by a relatively rapid onset of action and favorable gastrointestinal tolerability when used within recommended dosage limits.

This review critically examines the current clinical status of nimesulide in adult populations, emphasizing available clinical evidence, safety considerations, and its use in special populations. Particular attention is given to its pharmacokinetic profile, mechanism of action, and comparative effectiveness against other NSAIDs, including selective COX-2 inhibitors (coxibs).

Rauwolfia serpentina is considered a safe and efficacious remedy for the management of hypertension. The plant was extensively utilized by numerous physicians across India during the 1940s and subsequently gained global recognition in the 1950s, including in the United States and Canada. However, its use declined due to reported adverse effects, such as depression and concerns regarding carcinogenicity.
In this review, the author critically evaluates the scientific literature related to the application of Rauwolfia in the management of hypertension. The discussion encompasses the plant’s botanical characteristics, chemical composition, and pharmacological properties, while presenting a well-documented mechanism of action of its active constituents. Special emphasis is placed on its therapeutic role in controlling elevated blood pressure. Furthermore, the medical applications of the plant are analyzed, with a critical assessment of its side effects, toxicological profile, and potential carcinogenic risks.
The author challenges the purported association between Rauwolfia and cancer risk, highlighting the significance of appropriate dosage and patient screening to reduce the likelihood of depressive side effects. The review concludes with a recommendation for the use of low-dose Rauwolfia (LDR) in selected hypertensive patients. The plant thus offers clinicians a safe and effective complementary option alongside conventional antihypertensive medications.
Rauwolfia serpentina is an evergreen shrub belonging to the dogbane family, Apocynaceae. The genus Rauwolfia comprises over 100 species distributed across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, including Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and Central and South America. Rauwolfia serpentina is indigenous to the humid, deciduous forests of Southeast Asia, particularly in India, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Malaysia.
The plant typically attains a height of 60–90 cm and bears light green leaves measuring 7–10 cm in length and 3.5–5.0 cm in width. These leaves are elliptical to lanceolate in shape and arranged in whorls of three to five. The plant produces numerous glossy, black or purplish, spherical fruits approximately 0.5 cm in diameter, along with small pink or white flowers. It possesses a well-developed, tuberous, soft taproot, extending 30–50 cm in length and 1.2–2.5 cm in diameter.

A wide range of plant-derived compounds exhibiting therapeutic potential, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimalarial, antiarthritic (AA), hepatoprotective, and cardiotonic activities, have been documented in scientific literature. Medicinal plants are extensively utilized and are often considered safe and cost-effective substitutes for synthetic pharmaceuticals. However, due to insufficient regulation regarding their potency and purity, caution is necessary to ensure their safe application.
In this review, we aimed to consolidate various herbal constituents demonstrating antiarthritic properties, including alkaloids (montanine, 3-acetylaconitine, sanguinarine, jatrorrhizine hydrochloride, and piperine), terpenoids (eugenol, nimbolide, bartogenic acid, cannabidiol, and curcumin), and flavonoids (quercetin, resveratrol, kaempferol, chebulanin, ellagic acid, rosmarinic acid, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, and brazilin). These bioactive compounds exert their antiarthritic effects through diverse pharmacological mechanisms, such as suppression of cytokines, chemokines, and matrix metalloproteinases.
Additionally, experimental models used to evaluate antiarthritic activity, including adjuvant-induced arthritis in animal models, are discussed. Moreover, nanotechnology-based delivery systems for these bioactive compounds are highlighted, as they have demonstrated enhanced therapeutic effectiveness and improved bioavailability.

In the digital age, the right to free expression enshrined in most democratic constitutions, including Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution, faces new challenges, especially with the rise of "review bombing." Review bombing is the organized or mass publishing of bad reviews, which are often motivated by political, ideological, or social reasons rather than genuine criticism of a product or service. It includes difficult issues about freedom of expression, platform regulation, consumer rights, and reputational injury. The present investigation explores whether review bombing is an acceptable form of free speech or if it crosses the line into harmful behavior, defamation, or digital harassment. The study also investigates the obligations and liabilities of online platforms like Google Reviews and Steam, where similar instances are becoming more regular. It looks into how these platforms manage content without infringing on user rights and whether existing legal frameworks can regulate large digital expressions in a balanced manner. By examining comparative legal perspectives from the First Amendment in the United States to the European Union's Digital Services Act and India's Information Technology Rules, it investigates how different jurisdictions deal with the conflict between individual rights and collective harm. It also looks at major legal cases like Shreya Singhal v. Union of India and Kaushal Kishor v. State of Uttar Pradesh, which provide light on the limits and protections of free expression in India. A multi-stakeholder regulation method is proposed to counteract the misuse of online review platforms while upholding the core democratic ideal of free speech. It promotes judicial guidance on striking a balance between freedom of speech and reputational rights in cyberspace, transparency in platform moderation, and legal clarity on the limitations of digital communication.

Polyherbal topical hydrogels incorporating nutrient-rich solvents have gained significant attention as advanced dermal drug delivery systems. These formulations combine multiple herbal extracts within a hydrophilic polymeric network to enhance stability, bioavailability, and localized therapeutic action. The use of nutrient-rich solvents such as glycerol, propylene glycol, and plant-based oils improves solubility, skin penetration, and overall efficacy of bioactive constituents.

Hydrogels prepared using polymers like Carbopol, HPMC, and sodium CMC exhibit desirable physicochemical properties, including appropriate pH, viscosity, spreadability, and sustained drug release. The synergistic interaction of phytoconstituents provides enhanced antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound-healing effects, making these systems suitable for various dermatological and cosmeceutical applications.

Evaluation studies confirm good stability, non-irritant nature, and controlled release behavior of the formulations. However, challenges such as variability in herbal sources, stability issues, and regulatory constraints need to be addressed. Future advancements focusing on smart hydrogels, nanotechnology integration, and standardization are expected to improve their clinical applicability.

Overall, polyherbal hydrogels with nutrient-rich solvents represent a safe, effective, and patient-friendly approach for topical therapy with promising potential for future development and commercialization.

This paper presents the design, implementation, and experimental evaluation of a Multiple Input DC–DC (MIDC) converter for hybrid renewable energy applications. The proposed topology integrates power from a solar photovoltaic (PV) panel (18 V, 50 W) and a lead-acid battery (12 V, 7 Ah) into a single step-down (buck) converter stage, delivering a regulated 12 V DC output to resistive and motor loads. An Arduino UNO microcontroller generates Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signals to control power MOSFET switches, enabling automatic source selection, closed-loop voltage regulation, and safe battery charging. Three operating modes solar-dominant, battery-backup, and hybrid are defined and validated experimentally. Measured conversion efficiency ranges from 88% to 93%, output voltage ripple remains below 50 mV, and source transitions are achieved without observable load interruption. The results confirm that the MIDC architecture reduces component count, improves system reliability, and provides a cost-effective platform for off-grid electrification, EV auxiliary charging, and distributed energy management.

Artificial fruit ripening is widely practiced in modern agriculture and food supply chains to ensure uniform appearance, controlled marketing, and reduced post-harvest losses. Various chemical agents such as ethylene, ethephon, calcium carbide, and other synthetic ripening promoters are used to accelerate physiological ripening processes. While regulated agents mimic natural plant hormones, unsafe chemicals like calcium carbide remain used in some regions and may pose significant health hazards. This review summarizes the biochemical basis of fruit ripening, common artificial ripening procedures, chemicals employed, associated toxicological risks, advantages of controlled ripening, and emerging safer alternatives including biological ripening chambers and natural ethylene systems. The article consolidates evidence from toxicological and food-science literature to support safe and regulated ripening practices and highlights future research directions for sustainable post-harvest management.

Pharmaceutical syrups are concentrated aqueous preparations of sugar or sugar substitutes with or without active medicinal agents. They are widely used oral liquid dosage forms due to their palatability, ease of administration, and suitability for pediatric and geriatric patients. Syrups serve as both medicated preparations and flavored vehicles for drug delivery. The high concentration of sucrose in syrups provides viscosity, sweetness, and some preservative effect. However, modern formulations also incorporate sugar substitutes for diabetic patients. This review discusses classification, formulation components, preparation methods, advantages, disadvantages, evaluation parameters, stability considerations, and applications of pharmaceutical syrups. The aim is to provide a comprehensive understanding of syrups as an important dosage form in pharmaceutical practice and industry.

The doctrine of minimum dose is one of the important principles of homoeopathy introduced by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann. It mainly suggests that medicines should be given in the smallest possible quantity that can still produce a healing effect. From his clinical experience, Hahnemann noticed that large doses often caused unnecessary aggravation, whereas smaller doses worked more gently and effectively. With the development of potentisation, the quantity of the drug is reduced, but its action is believed to become more active at a dynamic level. This paper attempts to explain the concept of minimum dose, how it developed over time, and why it is important in treatment. Overall, the principle helps in achieving a safer and more controlled cure with fewer side effects.

Cancer has been among the major causes of death in the world and the existing treatment methods including chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery are mostly characterized by weaknesses that include systemic toxicity, low specificity and multidrug resistance. Nanoparticle-based targeted drug delivery systems are a new approach to addressing these problems in recent years, which enhances the localization of drugs in the tumor sites and reduces the destruction of healthy tissues. Passive targeting is done by the Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) effect and active targeting with ligands (antibodies, peptides, or small molecules) that bind to a particular receptor that is overexpressed on tumor cells.[1]
Several kinds of nanoparticles have been studied such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, solid lipid nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, and magnetic nanoparticles. The two systems have different strengths in terms of drug loading capacity, stability and targeting efficiency. As an example, liposomes are biocompatible and common encasers of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, whereas the polymeric nanoparticles offer a controlled release of drugs and enhanced stability.Nanoparticles have demonstrated a great enhancement in both the pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics in cancer therapy, leading to increased therapeutic effect and decreased side effects. A number of nanoparticle formulations including liposomal doxorubicin and albumin-bound paclitaxel are already approved to be used in a clinical setting. In addition, nanotechnology has been able to create multifunctional nanoparticles that can be used to carry out both diagnosis and therapy, referred to as theranostics.[2]
Although they have a good potential, issues like toxicity, immunogenicity, mass production and regulatory barriers still exist. Additional studies are needed to streamline the design of nanoparticles, enhance precision of targeted delivery, and to make nanoparticles safe in the long term.[3]

According to the study, the number of Scheduled Tribes in the East Central Rajmahal Highlands is steadily rising. According to the 2011 Census, there are 4,40,911 people living in the study area. The population growth rate has increased by 18.90% over the past 50 years (1971–2011). The decrease in the death rate is the reason for the population growth in the study area. The population density in the study area has changed from 206 people per square k.m. and 381 people per square k.m. in 2011 and 1971, respectively. Most people live in rural areas. The percentage of people living in cities is just 10.79%. It depicts an uneven population distribution between rural and urban areas and demonstrates the dominance of the rural economy, especially agriculture, in the research region. This paper aims to analyse the current trends as well as the temporal and spatial fluctuations of the Scheduled Tribes population within the research region.

Glucose-responsive insulin systems or "smart insulins" represent a major breakthrough in diabetes care as these systems promise to manage diabetes automatically. Using AI technology, these systems are becoming more accurate and adaptable to real-time monitoring. This research aims to highlight advanced mechanisms of AI-based systems, the current issues, and the possible improvements in diabetes care.
Throughout much of the last century insulin served a central role in the advancement of peptide chemistry, pharmacology, cell signaling and structural biology. These discoveries have provided a steadily improved quantity and quality of life for those afflicted with diabetes. The collective work serves as a foundation for the development of insulin analogs and mimetics capable of providing more tailored therapy. Advancements in patient care have been paced by breakthroughs in core technologies, such as semisynthesis, high performance chromatography, rDNA-biosynthesis and formulation sciences. How the structural and conformational dynamics of this endocrine hormone elicit its biological response remains a vigorous area of study. Numerous insulin analogs have served to coordinate structural biology and biochemical signaling to provide a first level understanding of insulin action.
The historical advancements in the synthesis of insulin analogs by multiple methods is reviewed with the specific structural elements of critical importance being highlighted. The functional refinement of this hormone as directed improved patient care with insulin analogs of more precise pharmacology is reported.

Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. is a widely used medicinal plant known for its potent wound healing properties. This review highlights the formulation and evaluation of Aloe vera leaf gel–based hydrogels as advanced topical drug delivery systems. Aloe vera gel contains bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides (acemannan), glycoproteins, vitamins, enzymes, and phenolic constituents that exhibit anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and tissue-regenerative activities.
Hydrogels are three-dimensional hydrophilic polymeric networks capable of maintaining a moist wound environment, promoting cell proliferation, and enabling controlled drug release. Incorporation of Aloe vera into hydrogel systems enhances its stability, bioavailability, and therapeutic effectiveness. Various natural and synthetic polymers, including chitosan, alginate, Carbopol, and polyvinyl alcohol, are employed to optimize mechanical strength, swelling behavior, and release kinetics.
This review also outlines formulation approaches, in vitro evaluation parameters, and the mechanisms of wound healing, such as modulation of inflammation, collagen synthesis, antimicrobial action, and angiogenesis. Despite its advantages, challenges including variability in composition and limited clinical evidence remain. Overall, Aloe vera–based hydrogels show significant promise as biocompatible and effective wound healing systems.

HIV/AIDS is one of the worst crises affecting global health and influencing economic development and social stability. Preventing and treating HIV infection is a crucial task. However, there is still no effective HIV vaccine for clinical application. Nanotechnology has the potential to solve the problems associated with traditional HIV vaccines. At present, various nano-architectures and nanomaterials can function as potential HIV vaccine carriers or adjuvants, including inorganic nanomaterials, liposomes, micelles and polymer nanomaterials. In this review, we summarize the current progress in the use of nanotechnology for the development of an HIV/AIDS vaccine and discuss its potential to greatly improve the solubility, permeability, stability and pharmacokinetics of HIV vaccines. Although nanotechnology holds great promise for applications in HIV/AIDS vaccines, there are still many inadequacies that result in a variety of risks and challenges. The potential hazards to the human body and environment associated with some nano-carriers, and their underlying mechanisms require in-depth study. Non-toxic or low-toxic nanomaterials with adjuvant activity have been identified. However, studying the confluence of factors that affect the adjuvant activity of nanomaterials may be more important for the optimization of the dosage and immunization strategy and investigations into the exact mechanism of action. Moreover, there are no uniform standards for investigations of nanomaterials as potential vaccine adjuvants.

This study explores the vital role that information technology (IT) integration plays in marketing and branding management strategies, emphasizing its importance as a critical component for companies looking to gain a competitive edge in the quickly changing digital landscape. The combination of cutting-edge IT solutions with conventional marketing and branding frameworks appears as a strategic requirement for businesses navigating the complexity of today's marketplace in an era characterized by digital transformation. According to this study, this kind of integration is crucial for transforming how businesses interact with their target markets by providing fresh opportunities for value generation and distinction.

Background: Antenatal care (ANC) is a cornerstone of safe motherhood and is associated with reduced maternal and neonatal mortality, particularly in low and middle income settings such as India. [1][2] Objective: To review current evidence on antenatal care practices, utilization patterns, and guideline based components in the Indian population, and to highlight their association with maternal and fetal outcomes. [3][4][5] Methods: Narrative review of national level ANC guidelines, Government of India documents, and peer reviewed studies on ANC utilization and outcomes published between 2015 and 2025. [3][5][6] Results: Indian national guidelines recommend that every pregnant woman receive at least four ANC visits, ideally starting in the first trimester, with additional monthly visits thereafter. [3][7] Components include risk screening, nutritional supplementation, immunization, complication detection, and birth preparedness counselling. [3][8] Studies show that women with ≥4 ANC visits have lower rates of preterm birth, low birth weight infants, and neonatal morbidity compared with those with fewer visits. [1][4][5] Underutilization and late initiation of ANC remain important barriers in rural and socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. [5][9] Conclusion: Strengthening early registration, improving quality of ANC services, and increasing the number of visits as per WHO recommended eight visit model can significantly improve maternal and neonatal outcomes in India. [1][2][6]

Background: Abortion is a major reproductive health event in India, where a large proportion of pregnancies are unintended. Recent national estimates indicate that millions of abortions occur annually, most of which are medication based and often performed outside health facility settings[12,3]. Objectives: To summarize the types of abortion, available national and subnational incidence, data, and evidence based management strategies for both spontaneous and induced abortion in the Indian context. Methods: Narrative review of national level abortion incidence studies, nationally representative surveys, and Government of India and WHO based guidelines on safe abortion and post abortion care (PAC) published between 2015 and 2025[1,3,4]. Results: In 2015, an estimated 15.6 million abortions occurred in India, corresponding to 47 abortions per 1000 women aged 15–49 years. About 81% were medication abortions, 14% surgical, and 5% unsafe methods; nearly 80% were performed outside health facility settings. Spontaneous abortion adds further “pregnancy wastage,” with 10–20% of clinically recognized pregnancies terminating before 20 weeks. Recommended management includes expectant, medical (misoprostol based), or surgical (manual/electric vacuum aspiration) approaches, with strong emphasis on timely PAC and post abortion contraception to reduce unintended pregnancies and maternal mortality. Conclusions: Safely delivered, accessible abortion and PAC are critical to reducing maternal morbidity and mortality in India; scaling up regulated, equitable, medical abortion services within the public health system is essential[1,3,6].

The rapid digital transformation of the automotive industry has generated a need for significant changes in engineering education especially in polytechnic institutions that prepare students for technical careers. This review article explores how digital and simulation based learning technologies are used in automotive engineering education. It focuses on tools such as simulation software, computer-aided design (CAD), diagnostic systems, virtual and augmented reality environments as well as online learning platforms. Based on recent literature, the study analyzes how these technologies improve safety during training, increase student engagement, strengthen diagnostic skills and help connect theoretical knowledge with practical application. In addition to reviewing existing studies, the article presents an Integrated digital simulation adoption framework (IDSAF). This framework explains the adoption of digital learning as a process determined by institutional needs, technology use, teaching methods and organizational support. It demonstrates that technology alone does not improve education, infact, significant results are achieved when digital tools are complemented by hands-on learning approaches, qualified instructors and updated curricula. The review also highlights common challenges faced by polytechnic institutions which include limited infrastructure, insufficient teacher training and resistance to change in teaching practices, especially in resource constrained settings. This study provides a clear conceptual model that can help educators, policymakers and researchers plan for sustainable digital transformation in technical education. It offers guidance on how to integrate digital tools in ways that truly enhance skills development rather than simply upgrading equipment. The paper concludes by recommending future empirical studies to test the proposed framework and examine the long-term effects of simulation based learning on graduate preparedness, technical competence and adaptation to evolving industry demands.

The 'rarest of rare' doctrine represents the Indian Supreme Court's most significant contribution to the jurisprudence of capital punishment. Evolved in Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab (1980) and elaborated in Machhi Singh v. State of Punjab (1983), the doctrine was designed to restrict the imposition of the death penalty to exceptional circumstances while ensuring individualised sentencing. This paper traces the doctrinal evolution from its constitutional foundations through contemporary developments, critically examining how a framework intended as a safeguard against arbitrary executions has, over four decades, become mired in subjectivity and inconsistency. Through analysis of landmark judgments, empirical data, and recent jurisprudential shifts including Manoj v. State of Madhya Pradesh (2022) and Vasanta Sampat Dupare v. Union of India (2025), this paper argues that while the doctrine was well-intentioned, its vague formulation and the systemic failure to implement procedural safeguards have undermined constitutional guarantees under Articles 14 and 21. The paper concludes by evaluating reform proposals and considering whether the doctrine can be salvaged or whether abolition remains the only coherent response to the constitutional crisis in capital sentencing.

Digital banking has emerged as a transformative force in the modern financial system, reshaping the way banking services are delivered and experienced by customers. With the rapid advancement of technology, banks have increasingly adopted digital platforms such as mobile banking applications, internet banking portals, automated teller machines, and digital payment systems. This study examines the impact of digital banking on customer experience in both public and private sector banks in India.

Background: Infertility, defined as the failure to achieve pregnancy after 12 months of regular unprotected intercourse, affects a substantial proportion of reproductive-age couples and is associated with psychological and social burden.
Objective: To outline a structured, evidence-based approach to the diagnosis and management of infertility with a focus on age-stratified, resource-sensitive algorithms.
Methods: Narrative review of recent guidelines and systematic reviews on infertility diagnosis and treatment published between 2015 and 2024, identified via PubMed and guideline repositories of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) and World Health Organization (WHO).
Results: Common etiologies include ovulatory dysfunction, male factor infertility, tubal disease, endometriosis, and unexplained infertility. Initial evaluation should include history, physical examination, ovulation assessment, semen analysis, and tubal/uterine imaging when indicated.
First-line treatments include ovulation induction with letrozole for anovulatory women, intrauterine insemination (IUI) for mild male factor or unexplained infertility, and in vitro fertilization (IVF) with or without intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) for bilateral tubal factor, severe male factor, or women of advanced reproductive age.
Conclusion: A stepwise, age-appropriated management algorithm can optimize pregnancy outcomes and help clinicians avoid unnecessary delays to effective treatment.

Background: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a spectrum of upper genital tract infections associated with infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. Robust national prevalence data from India are limited.
Methods: Narrative review of Indian studies on PID prevalence, diagnostic criteria, and management guidelines.
Results: Available Indian evidence shows PID prevalence of 11.55% in postmenopausal women (community study) and significant gynecologic inpatient burden (3-10% of admissions). Diagnosis relies on clinical criteria (lower abdominal pain + cervical/adnexal tenderness) supported by examination, microscopy, and imaging. Outpatient treatment is ceftriaxone 500 mg IM single dose+ doxycycline 100 mg BD + metronidazole 500 mg BD for 14 days. Hospitalization is indicated for severe disease, pregnancy, or non-response.
Conclusion: PID represents substantial gynecologic morbidity in India. Early clinical diagnosis and guideline-based therapy are essential to prevent long-term sequelae.

Customer churn prediction remains a critical challenge in data mining and business intelligence, as retaining existing customers is more cost-effective than acquiring new ones. Traditional methods often fail to model complex nonlinear relationships in high-dimensional behavioral data and necessitate complete retraining when new data is introduced. This paper introduces a hybrid deep learning framework that combines Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks with an incremental learning mechanism to enable adaptive churn prediction. The proposed model effectively captures both spatial and temporal patterns from structured demographic data and sequential behavioral logs, while dynamically updating model parameters without requiring full retraining. Experimental results show enhanced predictive accuracy, scalability, and reduced computational costs compared to traditional models. The framework offers an efficient solution for real-time churn prediction in dynamic environments.

The Ashram Management System is a web- based application developed to manage the operations of old age homes efficiently. In traditional systems, data is stored manually, which leads to data loss, redundancy, and inefficiency. This system digitizes the management process by providing a centralized platform where administrators can manage elder records, ashram details, and donations. The system ensures better data security, quick access to information, and reduced paperwork. It also allows users to search for nearby ashrams and support them through online donations. This project aims to improve the quality of elderly care services and enhance operational efficiency through modern technology.

Misleading drug advertisements pose a significant threat to public health and consumer protection, especially in developing nations such as India. These advertisements frequently include overstated, deceptive, or unsubstantiated claims about the effectiveness, safety, and therapeutic benefits of pharmaceutical and herbal products. Such practices may result in self- treatment, postponement of professional medical advice, harmful health consequences, and economic exploitation of consumers. Additionally, the rapid expansion of digital platforms and influencer-based marketing has further amplified the dissemination of such deceptive promotional content.
To tackle these issues, India has developed a robust legal framework, including the Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954, and the Consumer Protection Act, 2019. These legislations restrict false or misleading claims, regulate the advertisement of specific diseases, and provide avenues for consumer grievance redressal. Regulatory authorities such as :
Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA). Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI). Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI).
play an essential role in supervising and curbing unethical advertising practices.
This article examines the concept, causes, and consequences of misleading drug advertisements, along with the legal measures in place to safeguard consumer interests. It also highlights the need for increased awareness, effective enforcement of regulations, and ethical accountability among pharmaceutical companies and advertisers. Promoting accurate and evidence-based drug information is crucial for protecting public health and sustaining confidence in the healthcare system.

Background: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) affect 15-25% of India's 77 million diabetics, preceding 85% of 100,000 annual amputations costing ₹12,000 crore. Five-year post-amputation mortality exceeds 50%.
Objective: To provide evidence-based diagnostic, classification, and management strategies for DFU in Indian practice per IWGDF 2023, ICMR STW, and national consensus.
Methods: Narrative review of IWGDF 2023 guidelines (5 documents), ICMR Diabetic Foot STW 2023, Indian multispecialty consensus 2017, DFEP India survey 2020, and recent Indian studies (2018-2026). [3-8]
Results: Annual screening comprises 10g monofilament (LOPS), ABI/TBI (PAD), and Wagner/Meggitt + PEDIS/IDSA grading. Management follows TIME principles: sharp weekly debridement (40% faster healing), infection control (PEDIS-guided antibiotics), moisture balance (hydrocolloids/alginates), edge advancement (TCC/IRF offloading). Total contact cast achieves 90% 12-week healing vs 50% standard care. Osteomyelitis requires 6-week IV therapy + suppression. Indian microbiology emphasizes MRSA (20%), Pseudomonas (25-35%).
Revascularization success 75-85%. [9-15]
Conclusion: Primary care can deliver 70% healing using monofilament screening, irremovable felted foam offloading, and tiered referral. Specialized centers optimize NPWT/revascularization for high-risk cases. Structured protocols halve amputation rates across resource-variable settings.

The rapid improvement of wireless communication & mobile technology has allowed the advancement of intelligent robotic systems that can be remotely operated with high efficiency. This project presents the design & application of an Android-controlled robot integrated with real-time video surveillance for remote monitoring & navigation.
The proposed system uses an Android smartphone as a control interface, permitting users to operate the robot through a committed mobile application via Wi-Fi communication. The robot is provided with a microcontroller-based control unit that receives commands from the Android device to control movement in many directions. A mounted camera module provides live video streaming, enabling users to monitor environments in real time from remote locations.
The combination of wireless control & video surveillance enhances the robot’s accessibility in various applications such as security monitoring, disaster management, military survey, industrial inspection, & home automation. The system is designed to be cost-effective, user-friendly, & expandable, offering improved mobility, real-time data transmission, & reduced human intervention in hazardous environments.

The rapid proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT) and smart home ecosystems has fundamentally altered the domestic landscape, trading personal privacy for unprecedented convenience and efficiency. This paper examines the multifaceted privacy risks inherent in interconnected consumer devices, ranging from voice assistants and smart cameras to interconnected appliances.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. It represents one of the most significant global health challenges due to its rapidly increasing prevalence and its association with serious long-term complications affecting multiple organs. The disease can lead to cardiovascular disorders, kidney failure, neuropathy, and visual impairment if not properly managed. This review article discusses the classification, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, complications, and management strategies of diabetes mellitus. Emphasis is alsoplaced on the importance of lifestyle modification, pharmacological therapy, and preventive strategies in controlling disease progression. Understanding the mechanisms underlying diabetes mellitus is essential for healthcare professionals, especially pharmacists, who play a key role in medication management, patient education, and therapeutic monitoring.

Nanoimals are refined colloidal drug delivery systems who have taken great interest in the field of pharmaceutics, which are not highly soluble in water due to their ability to improve drug stability, solubility, and their ability to improve -bioavailability. With the size of drops with 20 to 200 nm and a specific composition of oil, water, surfactants and co-surfacements, they offer special physical and chemical characteristics such as transparency, large surface area and long-term kinetic stability. High-energy techniques such as ultrasonication and high-pressure symmetry, as well as low-energy techniques such as phase inversion temperature and spontaneous emulsion, can be used to create nanoimals. The size of the drop, surface charge, morphology, and strengthening of formulation, methods of characterization such as dynamic light scattering, zeta potential measurements, electron microscopy, and stability are important. Their benefits include low dosage frequency, site-specific targeting, controlled release, and increased drug absorption, all of which increase patient compliance. In addition to its many uses in oral, parenteral, eye, nose, top, and transdermal drug delivery systems, Nanoimans are now being examined more and more for gene delivery, cancer treatment, and vaccination. The theranostic applications, hybrid systems, and vaccines based on Nano emulsions - which combine therapeutic and clinical ability - are the main subjects of recent developments. However, to reach their full capacity, obstacles should be resolved, including large-scale construction, long-term stability, stimulant poisoning and regulatory concerns. All things are believed to have a flexible and exciting platform for all things, Nanoimans contemporary pharmaceutics, focusing on commercial translations, personal remedies and nano technology integration with future instructions.

Quantum Computing (QC) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have emerged as key technologies in the evolution of Industry 6.0, driving advancements in automation and advanced analytics, and process optimization. Their integration holds the potential to revolutionize sectors such as data science, healthcare, finance, and cybersecurity by enabling faster and more efficient computations through qubits, superposition, and quantum entanglement. However, the lack of structured knowledge regarding specific QC methodologies and applications in AI hinders its optimal implementation and development. Consequently, this study aims to identify the applications and variables associated with QC-AI integration. To this end, a systematic literature review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 methodology, drawing on studies from Scopus and Web of Science databases. This enabled the analysis of trends, limitations, and opportunities in this technological convergence. This study aims to systematically examine the intersection of quantum computing and artificial intelligence by identifying the key technological features, integration requirements, and sectoral applications that define the current state of the field. The review contributes by mapping existing research, highlighting methodological approaches, and revealing gaps that may guide targeted advancements in hybrid quantum AI systems. The insights generated have the potential to accelerate innovation in high-impact domains such as healthcare, finance, energy, and cybersecurity. The findings indicate that the main advances in QC applied to AI focus on quantum optimization, Quantum Machine Learning (QML), and post-quantum cryptography. Notably, sectors such as energy, healthcare, and finance have shown significant progress in adopting these technologies. For example, in healthcare, QML has been applied to simulate molecular interactions to accelerate drug discovery, and in finance, it enhances predictive models for market behavior. The study concludes that although QC demonstrates substantial potential to enhance AI, its broader adoption remains constrained by reliance on NISQ hardware, the need for effective error correction, and the limited scalability of hybrid quantum classical algorithms. Addressing these challenges will be essential to establishing QML as a cornerstone of technological innovation and digital transformation. Additionally, this review introduces an integrative framework that categorizes key AI QC convergence dimensions and proposes a classification of application areas based on technical requirements and algorithmic capabilities. These contributions aim to guide future experimental validations and hybrid model development.

This paper examines the constitutional philosophy and operational realities of bail, pre-trial incarceration, and reverse burden provisions within Indian criminal jurisprudence, with a specific focus on the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 (UAPA) and the Prevention of Money-Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA). It situates bail as a constitutional mechanism rooted in Article 21, designed to reconcile State power with individual liberty, and contrasts this framework with the restrictive bail regimes under special criminal laws. The study demonstrates how provisions such as Section 43-D (5) of UAPA and Section 45 of PMLA invert the presumption of innocence, constrain judicial discretion, and facilitate prolonged pre-trial detention. Through doctrinal and constitutional analysis, the paper argues that reverse burden clauses and stringent bail conditions transform the preventive logic of bail into a mechanism of “process-based punishment.” It further evaluates judicial interpretation, highlighting a trajectory from rights-oriented scrutiny to increasing deference, while acknowledging limited constitutional correctives such as the invocation of Article 21 in cases of prolonged delay. The paper ultimately contends that while special statutes pursue legitimate objectives of national security and economic integrity, their cumulative design raises serious concerns regarding arbitrariness, proportionality, and the erosion of personal liberty.

The separation of materials based on particle size is a fundamental operation in various sectors, including the mining, chemical, food, and metallurgical industries. Traditional methods of manual sieving are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and prone to inconsistency. This project proposes the design and fabrication of a low-cost, multipurpose vibrating screening machine utilizing a slider crank mechanism. The primary objective is to develop a mechanical system capable of separating different types of grains, sands, powders, and industrial materials efficiently. The machine is constructed using mild steel to ensure high strength and durability, featuring a top-loading feed and interchangeable wire mesh screens to accommodate various grading requirements. The design process emphasizes structural integrity, safety, and ergonomic considerations to minimize manpower and operational effort. This paper outlines the mechanical design methodology, the fabrication process, and the system integration of the multipurpose sieve. By comparing the proposed design with existing market products, this study aims to demonstrate that the developed machine offers a viable, cost-effective solution for small-to-medium scale material separation tasks, significantly reducing processing time and operational costs.

The integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) into healthcare delivery has become increasingly important in improving health awareness and service efficiency. This study investigated the influence of ICT utilization on health awareness among community health workers in Akwa Ibom North-West Senatorial District, Nigeria. The study adopted an ex-post facto research design. The population consisted of 1,431 community health workers across 174 primary healthcare facilities, from which a sample of 316 respondents was selected using a multi-stage sampling procedure. Data were collected using a researcher-developed instrument titled Utilization of Information and Communication Technology and Health Awareness Questionnaire (UICTHAQ), which had a reliability coefficient of 0.86. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer research questions, while dependent t-test was used to test the hypotheses at the 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that the utilization of social media, internet services, and e-mail significantly influenced health awareness among community health workers in the study area. The study concludes that effective use of ICT tools enhances access to health information and improves health awareness and communication among community health workers. The study recommends the provision of adequate ICT infrastructure, regular training on digital technologies, and policies that support the integration of ICT in primary healthcare delivery to improve health education and community health outcomes.

This study focuses on analysing the impact of Human Resource (HR) practices on employee job satisfaction in public and private sector banks in Chennai. HR practices such as recruitment, training and development, performance appraisal, compensation, and employee relations play a crucial role in enhancing employee motivation and organizational performance. The research is based on primary data collected from 105 bank employees through a structured questionnaire. The study aims to understand employees’ perceptions of HR practices and their influence on job satisfaction. Statistical tools such as correlation, independent sample t-test, and regression analysis were used to interpret the data. The findings reveal that there is a significant positive relationship between working environment and job satisfaction. Compensation and benefits also have a strong impact on employee satisfaction levels. However, the study shows that there is no significant difference in job satisfaction between employees of public and private sector banks. The study concludes that effective HR practices are essential for improving employee satisfaction, motivation, and overall organizational performance. It suggests that banks should focus on better compensation packages, continuous training, and a supportive work environment to enhance employee well-being and productivity.

Leprosy (Hansen's disease) remains a significant public health challenge in developing countries, particularly in South Asia, affecting marginalized populations and causing permanent disabilities if left untreated. This comprehensive review examines the multifaceted strategies essential for leprosy control and elimination, with emphasis on early case detection, multidrug therapy (MDT), contact tracing, disability prevention, and stigma reduction. The World Health Organization's Global Leprosy Strategy 2021–2030 envisions zero leprosy through integrated, country-owned roadmaps and scaled-up prevention initiatives. Current evidence demonstrates that a combination of rapid case identification, complete treatment compliance, household contact screening with post-exposure prophylaxis, systematic disability management, and community-based rehabilitation can significantly reduce transmission and prevent disease-related deformities. Furthermore, addressing stigma through information, education, and communication (IEC) programs and integrating leprosy services within general healthcare systems enhances service accessibility and patient acceptability. This article synthesizes evidence on evidence-based control strategies, programmatic approaches, emerging technologies, and policy interventions necessary to achieve leprosy elimination in endemic countries while respecting the rights and dignity of affected persons.

The practice of influencer marketing has evolved in a very dynamic man- ner in contemporary digital branding, which has changed the contemporary interac- tion process with products and services. Unlike the traditional advertising process, which evokes distrust in consumers, the impact of influence-driven campaigns using the benefits of parasocial relations and perceived authenticity of the digital personali- ties increases engagement. This study explores the fact that influencer marketing en- hances customer loyalty and confidence in a brand amid the contemporary digital era. The research introduces an idea of a model that links credibility, authenticity, con- sumer trust, and brand loyalty of the influencers through the Source Credibility Theo- ry and any other theory, called the Parasocial Interaction Theory. Influencer marketing has transformed the way brands communicate with consumers in the digital era, leveraging social media personalities to build brand awareness, trust, and long-term loyalty. This paper examines the influence of digital influencers on consumer trust and their potential to create sustainable brand loyalty. With increased skepticism toward traditional advertising, consumers are more receptive to peer-like endorsements from influencers. The study reviews existing literature, explores theoretical frameworks such as social influence and source credibility, and analyzes empirical findings on consumer behavior. Results indicate that authenticity, consistency, and relevance of influencer content significantly affect consumer trust and brand loyalty. Challenges such as influencer fraud, transparency issues, and ethical concerns are also discussed. The paper concludes with strategic implications for marketers aiming to optimize influencer campaigns to foster greater consumer trust and loyalty in an increasingly digital marketplace. The paper stresses that although influencers can spur short-term brand interaction, brand loyalty in the long term requires a balance between general and promotional communication. This study contributes to the marketing literature as it presents empirical evidence of a developing economy as well as useful useful insights to businesses looking to build sustain- able consumer relationships in competitive digital world insights to businesses looking to build sustain- able consumer relationships in a competitive worid.

In this paper, the complex relationship between neurotransmitter imbalances and psychopathology is explored. Neurotransmitters are the carriers of the nervous system, which coordinates different physiological and mental functions. Their dysregulation in levels or operation has been involved in the occurrence and development of a number of psychiatric disorders. This paper will seek to explain the multifaceted nature of neurotransmitter imbalances and psychopathology, and the contribution of neurotransmitters to diverse mental disorders, including serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and gamma- aminobutyric acid (GABA). In addition, it presents the implication of such findings on diagnostic strategies, mode of treatment and future research.

Peptic Ulcer Disease(PUD) represents a break in the mucosal lining of the stomach or duodenum, extending through the muscularis mucosa. Once considered a chronic condition primarily driven by lifestyle factors and acid hypersecretion, the understanding of PUD has been revolutionized by the discovery of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and the widespread use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). This review provides a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic strategies, and contemporary treatment paradigms of PUD, emphasizing the shift from acid suppression to curative antimicrobial therapy and risk mitigation. Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a common gastrointestinal disorder characterized by mucosal damage of the stomach or duodenum due to the corrosive effects of gastric acid and pepsin. The major etiological factors include Helicobacter pylori infection and the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Despite advances in diagnosis and therapy, PUD remains a significant cause of morbidity worldwide. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and current treatment strategies of peptic ulcer disease, with emphasis on pharmacological management and prevention of complications.

Peptic Ulcer Disease(PUD) represents a break in the mucosal lining of the stomach or duodenum, extending through the muscularis mucosa. Once considered a chronic condition primarily driven by lifestyle factors and acid hypersecretion, the understanding of PUD has been revolutionized by the discovery of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and the widespread use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). This review provides a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic strategies, and contemporary treatment paradigms of PUD, emphasizing the shift from acid suppression to curative antimicrobial therapy and risk mitigation. Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a common gastrointestinal disorder characterized by mucosal damage of the stomach or duodenum due to the corrosive effects of gastric acid and pepsin. The major etiological factors include Helicobacter pylori infection and the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Despite advances in diagnosis and therapy, PUD remains a significant cause of morbidity worldwide. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and current treatment strategies of peptic ulcer disease, with emphasis on pharmacological management and prevention of complications.

This study investigated influence of farmers and herders’ clashes on psycho-social well-being of University students in North Central Nigeria; implications for counselling. The study determined the influence of farmers and herders’ clashes on psychological well-being and social well-being of University students in the study area. Two specific objectives with corresponding research questions guided the study. Two hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance for the study. The study adopted survey research design. Undergraduates formed the population of the study. A total of four hundred (400) undergraduates were sampled from a population of one hundred and ninety-eight thousand, eighty-six (198,086) undergraduates of Federal Universities in North Central Nigeria using Taro-Yamen’s formula. A multi-stage sampling procedure which included purposive or judgmental sampling technique, proportionate stratified random sampling technique, and ballot simple random sampling technique were used at different stages in the study. A questionnaire structured by the researcher titled “Influence of Farmers and Herders’ Clashes on Psycho-Social Well-Being of University Students” (IFHCPSWBUS) was used for data collection. An overall instrument reliability coefficient of .88 was obtained using Cronbach’s Alpha reliability coefficient in determining the internal consistency of the items. Descriptive statistics involving mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions while the inferential statistics of chi-square (x2) goodness of fit was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The result revealed that farmers and herders’ clashes have significant influence on psycho-social well-being of University students in North Central Nigeria. The study concluded that farmers and herders’ clashes influence the psycho-social well-being of university students in North Central Nigeria. It proffers three counselling implications and strategies or approaches to improve psycho-social well-being of university students in North Central Nigeria. They include trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (TF-CBT), narrative therapy, and facilitating support groups for the students. Finally, the recommendations among others include prioritize effective educational policies for safe learning environments; mental health services; long-term peace initiatives on the farmer and herders’ clashes and support of victims of security challenges

Brain tumors represent a significant public health challenge and are classified as either primary (originating in the brain) or secondary (metastatic) malignancies. This comprehensive review examines the epidemiology, classification, clinical manifestations, diagnostic modalities, and contemporary therapeutic strategies for brain tumors. Emphasis is placed on the pathophysiology of glial, neuronal, and metastatic tumors, as well as the multifactorial genetic and environmental factors contributing to tumorigenesis. The review highlights emerging treatment approaches including targeted molecular therapy, immunotherapy, and precision medicine that offer improved outcomes for patients with both benign and malignant brain tumors. Additionally, it addresses the challenges in diagnosis, the role of molecular biomarkers, and the psychosocial implications of brain tumor management. A multidisciplinary approach integrating neurosurgery, neuro-oncology, radiation oncology, and supportive care is essential for optimizing patient outcomes and quality of life. Recent advances in neuroimaging, molecular profiling, and personalized treatment strategies are reshaping the landscape of brain tumor management and offering hope for improved prognosis and reduced mortality.

Electronic Learning which has surged extensively due to the proliferation of internet and digital technology, is conceptually synonymous to Supply Chain Management (SCM), in both scenario the focus is on efficient flow and management of resources. In e-learning the goal is to deliver the right knowledge to the right learner at the right time which is synonymous to SCM.E-learning environments are composed of a Content Management System (CMS), communication tools, and various multimedia content. Despite leveraging these state-of-the-art facilities, the widespread adoption and efficacy of e-learning platforms are significantly hindered by critical challenges. Specifically, issues related to data security, user authentication, and credentialing remain major obstacles to realizing their full potential. Current traditional methodologies for mitigating these issues frequently prove inadequate, exposing e-learners, educators, and institutions to considerable risks, including data breaches, identity theft, and credential fraud. Consequently, there is a pressing need for innovative, decentralized solutions that can fundamentally strengthen security, enhance transparency, and restore trust across the e-learning ecosystem.This paper examines key security risks in cloud-based e-learning and proposes a Blockchain-based solution using smart contracts to ensure data security, reduce vulnerabilities, and uphold academic integrity through decentralization and transparency.

This narrative review explores the role of tactical awareness in defensive systems in handball, addressing the literature's emphasis on offense. It synthesizes studies from major databases on defensive formations, perceptual-cognitive processes, and training methods to understand defensive effectiveness holistically. Findings show that success depends not only on structures but on players' perception, anticipation, and response to dynamic situations. Open systems like the 3:2:1 enable proactive pressure and ball recovery but create spatial gaps, while closed systems ensure stability under numerical equality. Tactical awareness, via perception–action coupling, supports real-time decisions and adaptive positioning. Team cognition, through shared mental models, boosts coordination and collective defense. Non-linear pedagogy, including small-sided games, effectively develops these skills. Limitations include inconsistent definitions, absent standardized tools, and reliance on observational designs. Overall, tactical awareness drives defensive performance; integrated training and rigorous research are needed to advance theory and practice.

In recent years, mental health in India has become an increasingly significant public health issue, especially due to progressive legislative and policy initiatives such as the Mental Healthcare Act (2017), the National Mental Health Programme, etc. However, because of the persistence of gender inequalities, women continue to experience barriers in accessing mental health care. Social-cultural stigma, unpaid caregiving responsibilities, economic dependence, domestic violence, and rural–urban disparities continue to shape women&#39;s mental health and wellbeing significantly, yet do not receive sufficient attention within current policies. The objective of this research is to evaluate India&#39;s Mental Health Policy through a gender lens and to identify the gap between the policy commitment to women and women&#39;s actual mental health reality in India. The methodology of this study is a qualitative non-empirical approach using a policy analysis research design. The analysis uses key national policies, government reports, international guidelines and scientific literature. Research has shown that while policies are created to ostensibly address gender issues, implementation has been done primarily at an institutional level without regard to how services may affect specific populations of women. Structures like stigma associated with mental illness/health issues for people who identify as female; inadequate availability of community-supported services; and lack of gender-based data continue to limit equitable access to mental health. Effective transformation of policy commitments into actual implementation will require the development of gender-relevant strategies for community engagement; creating efficiencies in providing services that meet individual needs rather than treating all individuals in the same manner; and, last but not least, implementing mechanisms to monitor and assess the effectiveness of programs targeting women. The article provides a necessary perspective on the relationship between gender and mental health in today&#39;s society.

Pharmacovigilance plays a crucial role in ensuring drug safety by detecting, assessing, and preventing adverse drug reactions (ADRs). However, traditional pharmacovigilance systems face challenges in managing the rapidly increasing volume and complexity of healthcare data. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative solution, enabling efficient processing, analysis, and interpretation of large datasets from sources such as Individual Case Safety Reports (ICSRs), electronic health records, and social media. AI technologies, including machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing, enhance key pharmacovigilance activities such as automated case processing, signal detection, causality assessment, and risk–benefit evaluation. These approaches improve the speed, accuracy, and scalability of drug safety monitoring while supporting proactive identification of potential risks. Despite these advantages, challenges such as data quality, regulatory uncertainty, ethical concerns, and lack of model transparency remain significant barriers to widespread adoption. Addressing these limitations is essential to ensure safe, reliable, and compliant implementation. Overall, AI holds significant potential to transform pharmacovigilance from a reactive system into a predictive and proactive model, ultimately improving patient safety and public health outcomes.

Objective: To synthesise conceptual, functional, and clinical correlations between Ayurvedic biomarkers—Dosha, Dhatu, Agni, and Ama—and modern biomedical diagnostic parameters, and to develop a unified, integrative diagnostic framework. DataSource: Primary Ayurvedic texts (Brihattrayi, Laghutrayi), classical commentaries, CCRAS monographs, AYUSH research reports and modern biomedical literature from PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar (1980–2024). Data included metabolomics, inflammatory markers, endocrine–immune parameters, genomic evidence and systems-biology studies. Review Methods: A narrative integrative review approach was used. Literature was screened using keywords such as “Ayurvedic biomarkers”, “Agni metabolism”, “Ama inflammation”, “Dosha physiology”, “Ayurgenomics”, “biomarker correlation”, and “metabolomics”. Eligible sources (n=142 screened; ~56 included) were analysed for conceptual alignment, functional similarity and translational potential. Ayurvedic constructs were mapped onto modern biomarkers by comparing physiological functions, pathological expressions and clinical correlates. Results: Strong correlations were observed: Vata with autonomic nervous system indices and HRV; Pitta with metabolic heat, enzymatic activity and hepatic biomarkers; Kapha with lipid metabolism, glycaemic indices and anabolic pathways. Agni exhibited parallels with mitochondrial efficiency, digestive–metabolic enzymes, thyroid function and hepatic metabolism. Ama showed convergence with systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, endotoxin burden and gut barrier dysfunction. Tissue-specific modern biomarkers could be mapped to Dhatu status. An integrative diagnostic framework combining Ayurvedic markers with laboratory parameters improved precision in disease staging and personalised prognosis.
Conclusion: Ayurvedic biomarkers provide a multidimensional understanding of physiology and pathology that aligns closely with contemporary metabolic and molecular signatures. Integrative diagnostics incorporating both knowledge systems may enhance predictive, preventive and personalised healthcare. Standardisation and further interdisciplinary research are essential.

Heavy metal contamination represents a persistent environmental challenge with significant implications for plant health, genomic stability in turn impact on agricultural productivity. This review studies the genotoxic effects of major heavy metals, particularly cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As), along with mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb). These metals induce DNA damage through both direct interactions and indirect pathways mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress. Key genotoxic effects include DNA strand breaks, chromosomal aberrations, altered DNA methylation and impaired DNA repair mechanisms. The cumulative effects constitute plant growth, reproduction and transgenerational genome integrity. Understanding these molecular mechanisms operated by heavy metals is essential for developing phytoremediation strategies and obtaining sustainable crop production even in contaminated areas.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming the structure, methodology, and philosophy of modern education. From adaptive learning platforms and intelligent tutoring systems to predictive analytics and automated assessment, AI has begun reshaping educational practices across the globe. In the Indian context, especially after the implementation of the National Education Policy 2020, the integration of AI and digital technologies has gained strategic importance. This paper critically examines the philosophical foundations, pedagogical implications, ethical concerns, and administrative applications of AI in contemporary education. It evaluates the transformation of curriculum, teaching roles, assessment patterns, and learner autonomy in AI-supported environments. The study also highlights concerns such as digital inequality, data privacy, algorithmic bias, and teacher preparedness. The paper argues that AI should serve as an augmentative tool that enhances human capability rather than replacing educators. A balanced integration of technological advancement and humanistic educational values is essential for sustainable educational development.

Research has shown that education, particularly Social Studies, plays a crucial role in shaping
skills. Despite the prominence of Social Studies in Nigerian tertiary institutions, there is limited empirical evidence exploring its impact on students’ leadership skills development. This study analyzes the relationship between Social Studies Education and the development of leadership skills among students in Nigerian tertiary institutions. Employing a mixed-methods approach, data was collected from 400 students and 20 lecturers across 10 institutions in Southwest Nigeria using questionnaires and interviews. Results indicate that the Social Studies curriculum is highly effective in instilling foundational leadership values, with strong emphasis on ethics (Mean=4.3) and critical thinking (Mean=4.1). Consequently, a significant majority of students (72%) felt prepared for leadership roles, and 65% had held formal positions. However, a "theory-practice gap" was identified, with lower competence in applied skills like decision-making (Mean=3.4) and conflict resolution (Mean=2.9). A multiple regression analysis confirmed that challenges, particularly a theoretical focus (β = -.38, p < .001), significantly hinder comprehensive leadership development. The study concludes that while Social Studies successfully cultivates leadership disposition, it requires a strategic shift towards experiential learning methodologies to bridge the skill application gap and fully realize its potential in developing actionable leadership competencies.

The Vedic Age (c. 1500–600 BCE) was a transformative era in ancient Indian history, laying the foundations of spiritual thought, social organization, and economic life. While the period is celebrated for its religious texts—the Rig-Veda, Yajurveda, Sambaed, and Atharvaveda—it also witnessed the emergence of agriculture as a sacred and socio-political institution. This research paper examines the agrarian landscape of the Vedic period, exploring how farming practices were integrated with ritual, cosmology, and governance. It analyzes the transition from pastoralist to settled agriculture in the Indo Gangetic plains, the tools and techniques employed, the variety of crops cultivated, and the symbolic role of farmers in Vedic society. Additionally, the study highlights challenges such as climate variability and the adaptive strategies of early agrarian communities. By tracing these developments, the paper reveals how Vedic agriculture shaped not only food production but also the cultural and political identity of ancient India.

Medical libraries play a crucial role in supporting healthcare professionals, researchers, and students by providing access to reliable and up-to-date information. Understanding user information needs is essential for improving library services and ensuring effective information delivery. This paper presents a review-based analysis of user needs in medical libraries by examining existing literature. It highlights the evolving information requirements of users, the impact of digital resources, and challenges faced by medical libraries in meeting user expectations. The study also suggests strategies for enhancing user satisfaction and optimising library services. The findings emphasise the importance of user-centered approaches in modern medical library systems.

Parabolic solar cookers represent a transformative clean cooking technology with the potential to address the global energy access crisis affecting 2.3 billion people who lack access to modern cooking facilities. This comprehensive review systematically examines the current state of research on parabolic solar cooking technology, encompassing theoretical foundations, materials science, thermal performance optimization, energy storage integration, design innovations, socioeconomic adoption factors, and environmental sustainability implications. Unlike previous reviews that have focused narrowly on thermal performance metrics, this synthesis integrates technical, social, and environmental perspectives to provide a holistic understanding of the technology's potential and limitations. The review synthesizes findings from over 150 peer-reviewed studies, doctoral theses, conference proceedings, and technical reports published between 1970 and 2026, with particular emphasis on advances since 2015. Key findings reveal that modern parabolic dish cookers achieve thermal efficiencies of 35-55% and stagnation temperatures exceeding 400°C under optimal conditions, sufficient for all common cooking methods including frying, roasting, and baking. The integration of thermal energy storage has emerged as the most significant recent advancement, with phase change materials such as erythritol demonstrating heat utilization efficiencies of 13-49% and enabling cooking durations of 3-7 hours beyond sunshine hours. Material innovations, including metallized polymer films with reflectances approaching 0.95 and selective absorber coatings with solar absorptance exceeding 0.94, have substantially improved optical performance while reducing weight and cost. However, significant research gaps persist in standardized testing methodologies, long-term durability assessment under real-world conditions, techno-economic optimization of storage-integrated systems, and understanding the complex socio-cultural factors that determine adoption outcomes. This review identifies critical research priorities including the development of universal performance testing protocols, systematic investigation of storage material degradation mechanisms, field studies of adoption dynamics across diverse cultural contexts, and lifecycle assessment of emerging materials. The synthesis concludes that realizing the substantial potential of parabolic solar cooking technology requires integrated approaches that simultaneously advance technical performance, reduce costs, improve usability, and address the multifaceted adoption barriers that have historically limited the impact of solar cooking interventions.

Tinospora cordifolia (Gilo) is prominent in traditional medicine systems due to its diverse therapeutic applications and bioactive compounds. This review explores the botanical characteristics, nutritional composition, and pharmacological properties of Tinospora cordifolia. The plant is known for its immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and adaptogenic effects, making it an invaluable resource in treating ailments like fever, diabetes, jaundice, and skin disorders. Its bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, glycosides, and diterpenoids—have shown significant potential in combating diseases and promoting overall health. By integrating insights from historical and modern perspectives, this study highlights the importance of Tinospora cordifolia as a cornerstone in developing herbal medicines and biopharmaceuticals. Further research on its safety profile and therapeutic efficacy can pave the way for its enhanced application in contemporary medicine.

Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) has become a global sport, including in North Macedonia. The sport promotes moral growth, encourages social awareness, and builds mental resilience in teenagers, helping them resist aggression. BJJ acts as a tool that enhances self-awareness and social skills through constant practice, with no specific goals, while teenagers improve executive function and learn to help others regulate hormones and adapt to different roles.

The necessity for effective and centralized academic administration systems has been highlighted by the quick development of digital technology in higher education. Conventional college project submission procedures frequently depend on manual documentation, physical report submissions, and unofficial feedback channels, which can result in inefficiencies including data loss, delayed evaluation, and a lack of transparency. The design and implementation of a role-based web application for submitting and reviewing academic projects are presented in this study. Administrators may control user responsibilities and assignments, faculty members can assess and offer structured comments, and students can upload project materials to the proposed system's centralized platform. PHP is used for backend processing, MySQL is used for database management, and HTML, CSS, and JavaScript are used for the front end of the system. It is installed on an Apache server environment. Real-time project status tracking, organized workflow management, and secure authentication are all guaranteed by the program. The technology increases productivity, facilitates better faculty-student collaboration, and reduces human error by digitizing the academic project lifecycle. For academic institutions looking to update project monitoring and assessment procedures, the suggested framework offers a scalable and useful alternative.

The advancement of automation and robotics has significantly influenced various sectors, including agriculture and lawn maintenance. The grass cutter robot with obstacle avoidance is an innovative solution designed to reduce human effort, improve efficiency, and enhance safety during lawn mowing operations. This project focuses on the design and development of an autonomous robot capable of cutting grass while intelligently detecting and avoiding obstacles in its path. The robot operates using a combination of sensors, microcontrollers, and motor drivers to achieve autonomous navigation. Ultrasonic sensors are commonly used for obstacle detection, enabling the robot to measure distances and change direction when an object is detected. The system is powered by rechargeable batteries and incorporates a rotating blade mechanism for cutting grass effectively. The proposed system aims to provide a cost-effective, eco-friendly, and efficient alternative to traditional manual grass cutting methods. It minimizes human intervention, reduces physical strain, and ensures consistent lawn maintenance. The project also explores improvements such as solar power integration and IoT-based monitoring for future enhancements. The importance of such systems is increasing due to the growing demand for smart and efficient solutions in agriculture a nd domestic applications. This robot not only saves time and labor but also contributes to safer and more sustainable practices.

Marine natural products (MNPs) are a valuable frontier in current medication discovery and development because of their unique chemical diversity and bioactivity. Sponge, tunicates, corals, algae, mollusks, and microorganisms are all marine creatures that produce structurally unique secondary metabolites with substantial therapeutic promise. Several MNP-derived medicines are already in clinical use, such as cytarabine and vidarabine (anticancer, antiviral), trabectedin (anticancer), eribulin (anticancer), and ziconotide (analgesic). These chemicals have broad pharmacological actions against cancer, infectious diseases, inflammation, cardio-vascular problems, neurological ailments, and chronic pain, and they frequently operate through novel mechanisms. The development pipeline includes bioprospecting, extraction, bioassay-guided screening, isolation, structural elucidation, preclinical testing, optimisation, scale-up manufacturing, and clinical evaluation. Advances in genomics, metabolomics, syn-thetic biology, and sustainable biotechnology have overcome constraints such as low yield and environmental concerns, allowing for greater access to these compounds. Thus, marine ecosystems serve as an underexplored pool of bioactive chemicals with the potential to devel-op next-generation medicines, addressing unmet medical needs and providing fresh ways for combating drug resistance and complex disorders.

The increasing use of constructed-response and graded assessment formats in Mathematics necessitates robust psychometric frameworks capable of capturing varying levels of student performance. This study investigated the application of Item Response Theory in the development, calibration, and validation of a polytomous Mathematics Achievement Test administered to senior secondary school students in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria. Guided by two research questions, the study adopted a descriptive survey research design. A total of 381 SSII students were selected from a population of 54,139 using the Krejcie and Morgan sample size determination procedure. Data were collected using a polytomously scored Mathematics Achievement Test and analyzed using appropriate polytomous IRT models implemented through the mirt package in R statistical software. Results indicated that the test measured multiple latent mathematical proficiencies, with category threshold parameters demonstrating orderly progression along the ability continuum. The majority of items exhibited satisfactory slope parameters, suggesting that the graded response categories effectively differentiated students across varying ability levels. The test also demonstrated adequate reliability and provided substantial information across a broad range of student abilities. These findings confirm the suitability of polytomous IRT models for evaluating Mathematics achievement tests that incorporate partial credit scoring. It was recommended that test developers pay close attention to category functioning, ensure well-defined scoring rubrics, and conduct routine psychometric evaluations to maintain the validity, fairness, and interpretability of polytomous assessment instruments. Continuous professional development for Mathematics educators and test developers in polytomous item construction and IRT-based analysis was also advocated.

Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana constitute essential branches of Ayurveda that deal with the preparation, processing, and therapeutic application of drugs derived from metals, minerals, and herbal sources. These formulations play a pivotal role in enhancing immunity (Vyadhikshamatva), promoting tissue nourishment (Dhatu Poshana), and improving overall health. The classical pharmaceutical processes such as Shodhana (purification), Marana (incineration), and Putapaka are employed to convert raw substances into bioavailable and therapeutically potent forms. Ayurvedic principles emphasize the role of Agni (digestive fire), Ojas (vital essence), and proper nutrition in maintaining immune strength. Rasadravyas act at the cellular level by improving metabolism, microcirculation, and micronutrient availability. Various dosage forms such as Kwatha, Vati, Arishta, and Rasayana preparations contribute to immunomodulation. This review highlights the significance of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana in immunity enhancement and disease prevention.

Because of its accessibility and perceived safety, paracetamol (acetaminophen) continues to be one of the most commonly used analgesic and antipyretic medications worldwide. Overdosing on paracetamol remains a major cause of acute liver failure globally, despite its extensive therapeutic use. According to new research, older adults are a clinically vulnerable population where toxicity outcomes may be impacted by pharmacokinetic changes, comorbidities, polypharmacy, and delayed presentation. This review examines clinical risk factors, pharmacological mechanisms, epidemiological trends, and treatment approaches for paracetamol poisoning in people 65 years of age and older. The interaction of comorbid conditions with hepatotoxic pathways, repeated supratherapeutic ingestion, and age-related metabolic changes are all given special attention. To clarify the factors influencing toxicity in this population, recent research from toxicology registries, population cohorts, and clinical pharmacology studies is critically assessed. Comprehending these trends is crucial for enhancing clinical risk assessment, refining therapeutic approaches, and directing preventative measures for senior citizens.

Rett syndrome (RTT) is a rare X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder. It is marked by a progressive loss of motor and cognitive abilities, repetitive hand movements, autonomic dysfunction, and epilepsy. This disorder mainly affects females and is often caused by mutations in the methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene. Although the disorder was first described in 1966, major progress in molecular genetics over the last two decades has greatly improved understanding of its biological effects and treatment targets. Historically, treatment focused on managing symptoms with anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, and behavioral therapies. Recently, advancements in molecular pharmacology have led to targeted therapies that aim to correct the underlying neurobiological issues. Notably, trofinetide, an insulin-like growth factor-1 analog, is now the first disease-specific therapy approved for Rett syndrome. Additionally, ongoing research is exploring gene therapy, RNA editing, neurotrophic factor modulation, and new small-molecule drugs. This review covers the genetic basis, molecular mechanisms, clinical features, current pharmacological management, and emerging therapies for Rett syndrome. It highlights recent clinical trials and research that could influence future treatment strategies for this complex disorder.

Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) represent a vast body of traditional knowledge developed in the Indian subcontinent through centuries of intellectual inquiry, cultural evolution, and practical experience. These systems encompass diverse fields including philosophy, governance, education, economics, science, and social organization. Historical institutions in India such as the Gurukul education system, village governance structures, guild organizations, and administrative frameworks evolved within the intellectual and ethical framework of Indian Knowledge Systems.

Bulimia nervosa is a serious psychiatric eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors. This review summarizes its causes, clinical features, diagnosis, complications, and management, emphasizing multidisciplinary care.

The rapid evolution of Financial Technology (FinTech) has fundamentally restructured the global financial sector, transitioning from traditional physical infrastructure to digital-first solutions. Despite this growth, a significant "adoption gap" persists in Tier 2 cities like Mysuru, driven by complex socio-psychological and structural barriers. The financial services industry is experiencing a remarkable and unavoidable growth driven by information technology in this digital era. Financial Technology refers to the use of innovative software, and technology to deliver financial services and solutions. It essentially digitizes, automates, and streamlines traditional financial processes, making them faster, cheaper, and more accessible to customers. The study investigated customer awareness and satisfaction towards FinTech services in the Mysuru District, A sample of 125 respondents, selected through simple random sampling. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the responses from the respondents. To attain the research objectives descriptive research is adopted to assess the factors adopting fintech services. Findings indicate that attitudes toward advance payments, efficiency, and digital literacy are independent of income levels and wealth. Age does not significantly affect perspectives on advance payments, though younger participants prioritize efficiency more frequently. Digital confidence and skill levels remain statistically consistent across the sample regardless of personal-earnings.

SCІ, or spіnal cord іnjury, іs a lіfe-alterіng condіtіon that not only causes physіcal dіsabіlіty but also has a sіgnіfіcant іmpact on mental health. The emotіonal responses, copіng mechanіsms, socіal іntegratіon, and qualіty of lіfe of SCІ patіents are the prіmary focus of thіs longіtudіnal іnvestіgatіon іnto the process of psychologіcal adjustment over tіme. Post-іnjury, a group of patіents were tested to see how theіr depressіon, anxіety, self-esteem, and resіlіence had changed. Personal, socіal, and envіronmental factors all play a role іn the dynamіc process of psychologіcal adjustment, accordіng to the fіndіngs. Recovery outcomes were found to be sіgnіfіcantly іmproved by early іnterventіon, strong socіal support, and adaptable copіng mechanіsms. The study hіghlіghts the іmportance of іntegrated rehabіlіtatіon programs that address both physіcal and psychologіcal needs.

The manufacturing sector relies heavily on efficient procurement processes to meet customer demands and maintain a competitive advantage. However, stakeholders have expressed growing concern over declining procurement performance, which has reportedly increased by 23% in inefficiencies. This study aims to examine the impact of inventory management strategies on the procurement performance of large manufacturing companies in India. Specifically, it investigates the effect of Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) and Activity-Based Costing (ABC) on procurement performance. A descriptive research design was adopted for the study, focusing on procurement officials working in major manufacturing enterprises. A representative sample of 187 procurement officers was selected using simple random sampling, based on the formula developed by Cooper and Schindler, ensuring equal probability of selection for all population elements. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques, including frequency distribution, mean, and standard deviation. The findings suggest that inventory management strategies, particularly EOQ and Activity-Based Costing, play a significant role in enhancing procurement performance. The study recommends that large manufacturing firms incorporate EOQ models into their procurement processes to improve efficiency and cost-effectiveness.

The Industrial domain in India has several avenues that caters to the economy. One such inherent strength of India is Fisheries sector that is contributing significantly towards the regional development. India is one of the largest fish-producing countries in the world, ranking third in total fish production & second in aquaculture production globally. Country’s vast coastline, extensive inland water resources & favorable agro-climatic conditions has supported quite well in development of the sector. The fisheries industry in India holds critical economic, social, nutritional, & global trade significance, supporting livelihoods, enhancing food security, contributing to GDP, &strengthening overall economy.India’s fisheries sector is broadly classified into marine fisheries & inland fisheries, with inland fisheries particularly, aquaculture accounting for a growing share of total production.

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a significant role in the economic development of a country. They contribute to employment generation, industrial growth, innovation, and balanced regional development. In India, MSMEs form the backbone of the economy by producing a wide range of products and services that meet the needs of consumers. However, the success of MSME products largely depends on the level of consumer awareness and perception toward these products. Many consumers are still not fully aware of the availability, quality, and benefits of MSME products, which affects their purchasing decisions.

This study examines employees’ attitudes toward the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Human Resource Management (HRM). It focuses on employees’ perceptions of efficiency, fairness, transparency, and job security in AI-driven HR systems. The study finds that while employees recognize the benefits of AI such as improved accuracy and speed, they also have concerns about privacy, ethics, and reduced human interaction. Successful AI adoption in HRM requires employee trust, transparency, and proper training.

The paper will look at the ways the society has perceived ophthalmic services within Kenya with a comparison made between the urban and rural residents to explain how access, cultural beliefs and institutional structures influence the understanding of health seeking behaviors and ultimate outcomes. The analysis is conducted using a mixed-methods approach that combines quantitative data, qualitative interviews, and a desktop review and outlines eminent distinctions between the two milieus. City dwellers usually have better access to professional medical care, diagnostic supplies and facilities, which is directly converted into an increase in satisfaction and trust with the formal health system. Conversely, rural communities constituting nearly 70 % of Kenyans requiring eye care—encounter formidable barriers such as geographic remoteness, financial costs, inadequate infrastructure, a scarcity of specialists, and dependence on intermittent outreach programmes. The adoption of modern ophthalmic services is also hindered by the cultural bias on traditional medicine, which is supported by trust, familiarity and the historical mistrust of formal providers. National assessments, including MOH RAAB 2024 and ECSAT 2025, underscore the substantial prevalence of avoidable blindness in rural counties, the paucity of cataract surgical coverage, and persistent deficiencies in refractive services. Increasing primary eye care and enhancing awareness by the populace are key measures that cannot be done without in the reduction of preventable blindness and creation of parity in ocular health within the Kenyan population.

Background: Structured preoperative communication one day before surgery may improve admission compliance, reduce cancellations, and enhance patient experience. [1][2] Objective: To compare admission compliance, operative metrics, and satisfaction between patients receiving structured one day prior reminders (admission time, fasting, medications, expected duration) versus those who did not. Methods: Prospective observational study of 2000 elective surgical patients (1000 informed, 1000 not informed) admitted over 12 months in a tertiary teaching hospital. The informed group received a standardized telephone/WhatsApp based pre op reminder 24 hours before admission including admission time, fasting window, medication advice, and expected surgery duration. The control group received routine written handouts only. Primary outcomes were on time admission rate, surgery day cancellation rate, and prolonged starvation (>12 hours). Secondary outcomes included waiting time from admission to surgery and patient satisfaction (5 point Likert scale). Results: The informed group had significantly higher on time admission rate (92% vs 78%, p

Background: Pre anesthesia clearance (PAC) is widely used to risk stratify patients before elective surgery, but its effect on same day cancellation rate, delay to surgery, and relative cost burden is incompletely quantified. [1][2] Objective: To compare rate of cancellation, delay of surgery, and relative cost burden (%) between 1000 patients admitted for elective surgery without PAC and 1000 patients admitted after PAC clearance. Methods: Prospective observational study of 2000 consecutive elective surgical patients (excluding major oncological or cardiac procedures) over 18 months in a tertiary care hospital. Group A: no PAC admission (n=1000); Group B: admission after PAC clearance (n=1000). Primary outcomes were on day of surgery cancellation rate and mean delay to surgery (days from planned to actual surgery date). Secondary outcomes included relative surgical cost burden (%) compared with Group B and reason for cancellation. Analyses were by chi square, t test, and logistic regression.
Results: On day of surgery cancellation rate was 14.3% (143/1000) in Group A vs 1.8% (18/1000) in Group B, p<0.001. Odds of cancellation were 87% lower in Group B (OR 0.13, 95% CI 0.08–0.21, p<0.001) after adjustment for age, ASA class, and surgery type. Mean delay to surgery was 1.8 days (SD 1.4) in Group A vs 4.3 days (SD 2.6) in Group B, p<0.001, with delays in Group B driven by PAC processing time. Group A had a 15% higher per case cost burden than Group B, primarily due to unplanned investigations, last minute consultations, and prolonged bed occupancy after admission.
Conclusions: Admission of elective surgical patients after PAC clearance reduces same day cancellation rate from 14.3% to 1.8%, at the cost of longer planned delay but lower relative cost burden per case compared with admission without PAC. Streamlining PAC turnaround and selective testing, within a pre admission pathway, can optimize cancellation reduction and cost efficiency in elective surgery programmes.

The banking sector in regional areas is being transformed by the integration of digital systems. In this study, the operational efficiency and outreach of Telangana Grameen Banks are examined within the context of modern technological shifts. Through the deployment of mobile banking, online portals, and digital payment systems like Aadhaar and UPI, affordable financial services are now being provided to previously underserved populations. Banking accessibility is enhanced, operational costs are reduced, and customer engagement is significantly increased through these digital tools. However, several obstacles are still encountered, as challenges such as low digital literacy, inadequate internet infrastructure, and technological resistance are faced by Telangana Grameen Banks. In this research, bank performance is assessed via quantitative metrics, while customer awareness and satisfaction levels are systematically analysed. The findings suggest that customer acquisition is improved, and service delivery is bolstered through digital adoption. Nevertheless, the necessity for robust financial literacy programs and improved infrastructure is highlighted to ensure long-term efficacy. Ultimately, digital banking is regarded as a vital component for the sustainable growth of Telangana Grameen Banks. It is concluded that digital financial inclusion is positioned as the primary driver for local economic empowerment and institutional progress.

This study examines the impact of online food delivery apps on eating habits, with special reference to Swiggy. The primary objective of the research is to understand how factors such as convenience, promotional offers, variety of food choices, and delivery efficiency influence consumer behavior and dietary patterns. The study also analyses how frequent use of food delivery apps affects meal timing, preference for outside food, nutritional balance, and monthly food expenditure. The research is based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data is collected through a structured questionnaire, while secondary data is gathered from academic journals, reports, and reliable online sources. The increasing use of smartphones and internet services has changed the way people purchase and consume food. Online food delivery applications have become popular, particularly among students and working professionals, due to their convenience and accessibility.

Whether it is preventing food waste or tackling food insecurity, this dual agenda is often present in many urban areas worldwide. This research paper presents the design and implementation of a Food Donation System (FDS), a central digital platform based on mobile and web applications that helps to connect food donors (i.e. restaurants, banquet hall and citizens) to NGOs/ local charities. The proposed system enhances the current status quo by decreasing the time delay between food surplus and food distribution and as such it helps to reduce food wastage and address hunger and its causes. The value proposition of the application is to provide a modern, integrated approach to food donation with a web and mobile interface to allow donors to easily and quickly share reports and to track the location of the donor and to easily collect the donated food and transfer it to the intended recipient. This paper presents the detailed design and implementation of the FDS. Preliminary system evaluation shows that the proposed system will ensure that food reports are presented in real-time and thus dramatically reduces the time lag between food donation and its distribution.

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the standard-of-care for symptomatic gallstone disease, whereas robotic cholecystectomy (RC) is increasingly used to improve surgical precision and early-recovery outcomes. Comparative data on very-early-postoperative-pain (6, 12, 18 hours), intraoperative-blood-loss, and intraoperative-complications are limited. [1][2] Objective: To compare postoperative pain at 6, 12, and 18 hours, mean intraoperative blood loss, and intraoperative-complication-rate between LC (n=100) and RC (n=100).
Methods: Prospective comparative study of 200 consecutive adult patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy at a tertiary-care hospital. LC (n=100) and RC (n=100); exclusion: conversion to open, emergency-indication, major-comorbidity. Pain was recorded using NRS-0–10 at 6, 12, and 18 hours; blood loss (mL) and complications were prospectively documented.
Results: Mean NRS-pain scores were significantly lower in RC at 6 hours (3.2 vs 4.6), 12 hours (2.8 vs 4.2), and 18 hours (2.1 vs 3.8) (p<0.001). Mean intraoperative blood loss was 25 mL in LC vs 8 mL in RC (p<0.001). Intraoperative-complication-rate was 5/100 (5%) in LC (3 liver-bed-oozing, 2 bile-leak-from-gallbladder) vs 2/100 (2%) in RC (1 stone-spillage, 1
liver-bed-oozing; p=0.2). Mean operative-duration was 38 minutes in LC vs 49 minutes in RC (p=0.003). Post-op rescue-analgesia was required in 22/100 LC vs 7/100 RC (p=0.008). Median length-of-stay was 1.2 days (LC) vs 1.1 days (RC; p=0.4).
Conclusions: Robotic cholecystectomy is associated with markedly lower
early-postoperative-pain and intraoperative-blood-loss, fewer intraoperative-complications, and less need for rescue-analgesia versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy, with only a modest increase in operative-time and no difference in short-term-length-of-stay. These findings support RC as a safe and less-painful alternative for suitable candidates.

This study focuses on the growing importance of digital banking practices and e-wallets in today’s financial environment. With the rapid advancement of technology, banking services have been transformed from traditional methods to more convenient and user-friendly digital platforms. In this study, an attempt has been made to understand the level of awareness, usage patterns, and satisfaction of customers towards digital banking services and e-wallets.
Primary data has been collected through a structured questionnaire from respondents, and their opinions and experiences have been analysed using simple statistical tools. It has been observed that most users prefer digital banking and e-wallets due to convenience, time-saving, and ease of use. Services such as money transfer, bill payments, and online shopping have been widely adopted by users.
However, certain challenges have also been identified, including security concerns, technical issues, and lack of digital knowledge among some users. Despite these challenges, digital banking and e- wallets are playing a significant role in promoting cashless transactions and improving financial inclusion. Overall, it has been concluded that digital financial services are becoming an essential part of daily life, and continuous improvements are required to enhance user trust and satisfaction.

The financial performance of Small Finance Banks (SFBs) in India has been examined in this study to understand their role in promoting financial inclusion and maintaining financial stability. These banks have been established by the Reserve Bank of India to provide banking services to underserved sections of society. The study has been conducted using secondary data collected from annual reports and financial statements, and key parameters such as capital adequacy, asset quality, profitability, and liquidity have been analysed through ratio analysis. It has been observed that while growth in deposits, advances, and customer base has been achieved, challenges in asset quality and profitability have also been faced. It has been concluded that although satisfactory performance has been maintained, improvements are required in certain areas to ensure long-term sustainability.

Madrasah education in West Bengal occupies a distinctive position in the educational landscape by combining religious instruction with formal academic learning, particularly among minority communities. In recent years, various educational reforms have been introduced to modernize Madrasahs and integrate them into the mainstream education system. However, the extent to which these reforms have ensured equity and expanded meaningful opportunities remains a critical concern. The present study adopts a qualitative research approach to examine the nature and impact of educational reforms on equity and opportunity in Madrasah education in West Bengal. Using a multiple case study design, data were collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and document analysis involving key stakeholders, including teachers, students, and administrators. The findings reveal that while reforms have significantly improved access and inclusion, their impact on quality, capability development, and long-term opportunities remains uneven. Structural constraints, socio-cultural factors, and traditional pedagogical practices continue to influence students’ educational experiences and limit their transition to higher education and employment. The study highlights a persistent gap between educational access and real opportunities, emphasizing the need for a more holistic, participatory, and context-sensitive approach to reform. By integrating perspectives of social justice, capability development, cultural capital, and critical pedagogy, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of the challenges and possibilities of Madrasah education in promoting equitable and transformative learning outcomes.

A clinical case study of a 16-year-old male exhibiting the "ambitious but volatile" archetype, a common manifestation of the neurohormonal mismatch during the pubertal testosterone surge (ages 12–18). The subject presented with a classic triad of risk-taking, impulsivity, and emotional dysregulation, characterized by a drive for social dominance masked by underlying performance anxiety. The study details the individualised homoeopathic management of the case, moving beyond symptom suppression to address the patient’s constitutional totality.

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 marked a great change in the Indian higher education system by encouraging interdisciplinarity, experiential learning, and industry-skill-oriented learning. The paradigm of fashion communication under the new system has to be changed so that the studies are not centered around the traditional runway model but rather a performative stage where scenography, narrative, and performance intersect as fashion&#39;s cultural communication. The theatre storytelling-incorporated &#34;Runway-as-Stage&#34; pedagogy has been introduced in this article as a novel concept that mends the gap between the existing fashion and theatre practices by way of dramatization of fashion studies.
By employing a qualitative research approach, the study has conducted a literature survey, examined the pioneering case studies of fashion catwalk productions such as the narrative presentation of Alexander McQueen and scenography partnerships of Marc Jacobs, and critically reviewed the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 (Proposals for Curriculum Overhaul). It is found that the dramatized narration of fashion learning experiences not only facilitates more vivid practical learning but also records the mandatory joint disciplinary collaboration as well as participation of learners will be greatly increased.
As the courses in fashion communication are blended with gymnastic modules of dramaturgy, choreography and scenography, the model receives attributes like narrative building, creative direction and cultural communication which basically are the required skills mentioned in NEP&#39;s vision. The &#34;Runway-as-Stage&#34; concept also turns out to be a good way to fix the problem of the lack of skills existing at present, as students can be trained in the industry standards of creativity, collaboration, and innovation. Eventually, it goes to reimagine the fashion show not only as a cultural and artistic institution geared for professional competence, but also as a space for cultural expression.

Work ethic is often studied through surveys and self-report scales, but these methods cannot capture how work ethic is actually enacted, observed, negotiated, and enforced in the daily flow of organizational life. This ethnographic study addresses that gap by providing a thick description of work ethic in action within a Ghanaian civil service ministry in the Greater Accra Region. The study employed immersive ethnographic methods over six months, including participant observation, field notes, informal conversations, and 25 semi-structured interviews with employees across hierarchical levels. Drawing on practice theory and institutional ethnography, the study examined how work ethic is embodied in daily routines, expressed through interactions, and enforced through unspoken norms and subtle sanctions. Findings reveal that work ethic in this setting is not a fixed individual attribute but a dynamic, context-dependent performance. Four key patterns emerged: (1) temporal work ethic – the visible performance of time (arrivals, departures, breaks) as a primary marker of virtue; (2) relational work ethic – how favor, obligation, and reciprocity shape who works hard for whom; (3) hierarchical work ethic – the differential expectations and enforcement of work ethic across seniority levels; and (4) performative work ethic – the distinction between actually working and appearing to work. Direct quotations and field note excerpts illustrate how employees read, display, and negotiate work ethic in everyday encounters. The study concludes that work ethic in Ghanaian office culture is a socially constructed and socially enforced phenomenon, not merely an individual psychological trait. Implications for human resource management and organizational change are discussed.

Equality between men and women in employment remains a continuing concern in human resource practice as well as in broader development discussions. Over the years, women’s participation in higher education and professional careers has grown considerably. However, differences in earnings between male and female employees are still visible across many fields. Gender pay disparity refers to the variation in wages received by men and women who perform similar work or hold positions that require comparable qualifications, experience, and levels of responsibility. Such differences raise concerns about fairness in pay systems and the ability of organizations to ensure balanced treatment of employees.
Higher education institutions are generally viewed as spaces that support equal opportunity, knowledge development, and social progress. Despite this expectation, earlier research indicates that inequality related to gender may still be present within academic settings. Differences in salary levels, chances of promotion, access to leadership roles, and allocation of responsibilities can influence compensation outcomes among faculty members. These differences may arise due to institutional practices, interruptions in career paths, variations in salary negotiation, or bias that affects decision-making processes.
The growth of private higher education institutions has changed the structure of the academic sector in many countries. In India, self-financing colleges have expanded rapidly to meet increasing demand for higher education while also providing employment to a large number of educators. Unlike public universities, these institutions often have greater flexibility in decisions related to recruitment, salary determination, and working conditions. While such flexibility may support institutional development, it can also result in differences in pay structures and a lack of uniformity in compensation practices.

Accurate estimation of soil infiltration characteristics is essential for effective irrigation design, water resource management, and soil conservation practices. This study evaluates the performance of three widely used infiltration models Horton, Green–Ampt, and Philip in predicting infiltration rates in a humid tropical environment using Orlu, Imo State, Nigeria, as a case study. Field infiltration tests were conducted using a double-ring infiltrometer, while laboratory analyses were performed to determine relevant soil properties including particle size distribution, moisture content, and specific gravity. Model parameters were derived and used to simulate infiltration rates, which were then compared with observed field data using statistical performance indices such as coefficient of determination (R²), root mean square error (RMSE), and t-test analysis. Results revealed that the Horton model exhibited the highest correlation (R² = 0.87) but significantly overestimated infiltration rates. The Green–Ampt model provided the most reliable predictions with minimal deviation from observed values, while the Philip model showed moderate performance. The study concludes that the Green–Ampt model is most suitable for infiltration prediction in the study area.

Inter-caste marriage has long been regarded as a crucial indicator of social change in Indian society. Despite constitutional guarantees of equality and legal safeguards, caste continues to exert a strong influence on marital choices, particularly in states like Uttar Pradesh. This research paper examines inter-caste marriage in Uttar Pradesh as a site of tension between modern values such as individual choice and entrenched social structures rooted in caste hierarchy, patriarchy, and community control. Using a sociological perspective, the study analyzes patterns of acceptance and resistance, the role of family and community, gendered dimensions, and the impact of law and state intervention. The paper argues that while inter-caste marriages signify gradual social transformation, they simultaneously provoke strong resistance, revealing the persistent strength of caste in everyday social life.

Advances in Ayurveda pharmaceutics is just like an old ghrita in a new bottle. The basic principle of Ayurveda is same as advised by Acharya in Ayurveda classical books. We can change the only way of presentation by using modern technologies. Panchavidh Kashay Kalpana, Avaleha, Gutika, Asav etc are the Ayurveda dosage forms which can be broadly divide into solid, semisolid and liquid forms. In Ayurvedic clinical practice, practitioner faces difficulties during prescribe Ayurvedic doses form due to its appearance, non palatable, non portability. Because of these demerits, it’s a great challenge in front of Ayurveda pharmaceutics to improve ayurveda doses forms which will be easily palatable, long shelf life, simplify to dispense, easily portable, good appearance with increasing therapeutic utility and potency. Present paper aimed to describe advances in Ayurveda doses forms i.e. solid (Rasaushadhies, Vati etc), Semisolid (Avaleha, Ghrita etc), Liquids (Panchavidh kashay kalpana, Asav, Arishta) with clinical approach through its merits and demerits. Extract of paper concluded that all Kalpana or doses forms are aimed with isolation of active principle through different media by application of modern technologies. And with this aim we must insure that the quality or efficacy must be remain original as possible.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly being used in financial services to improve efficiency, accuracy, and customer experience. This study examines the impact of AI on financial services from a customer perspective. The research is based on primary data collected through a structured questionnaire, with approximately 120 valid responses. The study focuses on key aspects such as customer experience, convenience, efficiency, and service quality. Statistical tools such as T-Test and F-Test (ANOVA) were used to analyse the data. The findings indicate that AI has significantly improved customer experience and reduced the time required for financial transactions. It has also enhanced service quality and operational efficiency. However, some concerns regarding awareness and trust still exist among users. Overall, the study highlights that AI plays an important role in transforming financial services and is expected to grow further in the future.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is like a computer brain that helps do tasks that humans normally do, like learning making decisions and solving problems. Over the few years AI has become very popular in many industries because it makes them work better more accurately and faster. In the sector AI is used for things like processing payments detecting fraud helping customers evaluating risks and managing transactions. Many Fin-Tech companies use AI to make processes automatic improve customer experience and make decisions in real-time. For example Razorpay recently launched an AI system called Agent Studio that automates processes without needing code. This shows how AI is changing processes and making them more scalable. This paper will discuss how AI affects services, especially customer experience, efficiency, accuracy, risk management and engagement. I asked 120 people to fill out a questionnaire. Then I analyzed the data using statistical tools like T-Test and F-Test. The results show that AI has greatly improved customer experience in services. People think AI services are more effective, convenient and reliable for transactions. The study also found that different groups of people have views on AI meaning they accept AI services equally. Overall AI is important for improving how well financial institutions work and increasing customer confidence. The financial sector will likely change more in the next few years

Occupational stress has become a common issue in many organizations, especially in the private insurance sector where employees face high work pressure, sales targets, and customer expectations. The present study focuses on analyzing the level of occupational stress and its impact on job satisfaction among employees working in private insurance companies. The main objective of the study is to understand the relationship between work-related stress and the level of satisfaction employees experience in their jobs. Data for the study were collected from employees through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using simple statistical tools such as percentage analysis and chi-square test. The study reveals that factors such as workload, time pressure, job insecurity, and performance targets contribute significantly to occupational stress. At the same time, aspects like salary, work environment, career growth opportunities, and management support influence the level of job satisfaction. The findings of the study indicate that higher levels of occupational stress may negatively affect employee satisfaction and performance. Therefore, organizations should implement effective stress management practices and create a supportive work environment to enhance employee satisfaction and productivity.

The rapid growth of e-commerce platforms has significantly transformed consumer buying behaviour in recent years. This study analyzes consumer purchase decisions towards Shopsy in Tirupur city, focusing on key factors such as product price, quality, discounts, promotional offers, customer reviews, delivery services, and return policies. The research is based on primary data collected from 100 respondents through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using simple statistical tools. The findings indicate that product quality and attractive discounts are the most influential factors, while reviews, return policies, and delivery services also play a significant role in shaping consumer trust and satisfaction. However, issues such as delivery delays, product quality concerns, and technical errors were reported by some respondents. The study concludes that improving service efficiency, maintaining product quality, and enhancing user experience can increase customer satisfaction and encourage more consumers to prefer Shopsy for online shopping.

Purpose: This study evaluates the causal relationship between commercial activities and long-term public health. It specifically investigates how the fast-food "marketing mix"—characterized by predatory pricing and ubiquitous digital outreach—functions as a structural determinant of the childhood obesity epidemic. The research seeks to quantify the negative economic externalities produced by these corporate strategies.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Using a multidisciplinary econometric approach, the study integrates regional advertising density data with pediatric health metrics from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) and global databases. Regression modeling is applied to measure the demand elasticity for ultra-processed foods among vulnerable populations exposed to targeted digital marketing.
Findings: Results indicate that marketing saturation is a primary predictor of dietary behavior, transcending household income levels. This "price of persuasion" represents a significant market failure, where short-term corporate gains from low-nutrient products impose a long-term fiscal burden on public healthcare systems through the rising prevalence of early-onset non-communicable diseases (NCDs).
Research Limitations/Implications: While limited by the opacity of private-sector marketing algorithms, the findings offer a data-driven foundation for fiscal policy interventions, including advertising taxes and nutrient-dense food subsidies.
Originality/Value: This research advances the "Commercial Determinants of Health" (CDoH) framework by shifting the focus from individual choice to institutional and economic accountability.

The effectiveness of the civil service is fundamental to national development, yet concerns about employee productivity and commitment persist across public sector institutions in Ghana. Work ethic, defined as the constellation of attitudes and beliefs regarding the value of hard work, diligence, and personal responsibility, is a critical determinant of employee behavior and organizational effectiveness. However, within the Ghanaian civil service, there is limited understanding of how work ethic varies across different groups of employees based on individual characteristics. This study investigates variations in work ethic among Ghanaian civil service employees, focusing on how personal factors specifically age, education, and tenure influence work ethic. Drawing on the Multidimensional Work Ethic Profile framework and Social Identity Theory, the study employs a quantitative case study design, surveying 320 employees from selected ministries in the Greater Accra Region. The study seeks to determine the levels of work ethic across different demographic groups and examine the extent to which age, education, and tenure predict variations in work ethic. By providing empirically grounded insights into individual differences in work ethic, the study aims to inform human resource management practices, including targeted training, performance management, and employee engagement strategies tailored to the diverse needs of the civil service workforce.

Sustainable agricultural inputs, including microbial and non-microbial biostimulants, biofertilizers, and other bio-based products, are increasingly subject to regulatory scrutiny worldwide. This necessitates the development of well-structured dossiers, robust compliance frameworks, and harmonized global strategies to facilitate efficient market access. This case study synthesizes current regulatory landscapes, dossier requirements, and compliance challenges across major jurisdictions, with particular emphasis on the European Union, United States, India, and emerging markets. It critically examines key issues related to regulatory classification, data requirements, and approval pathways that influence product development and commercialization. Strategic recommendations focus on regulatory harmonization, digital integration, stakeholder engagement, and alignment with sustainability objectives. The analysis underscores that proactive and integrated regulatory affairs management is essential for organizations involved in sustainable agricultural inputs to remain competitive in a rapidly evolving global market.