The urgent need to reduce climate change and move toward low-carbon economies has increased the demand for accurate carbon accounting and clear financial reporting. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become an important tool that can improve the accuracy, speed, and reliability of measuring, reporting, and verifying carbon emissions. This study explains how AI technologies can strengthen carbon accounting systems and improve transparency in sustainability reports. By using tools such as machine learning, natural language processing, big data analytics, and blockchain systems, organizations can provide better environmental, social, and governance (ESG) information and reduce problems like greenwashing and lack of clear information.The paper uses a qualitative research method based on a review of recent academic studies, regulations, and industry reports. The findings show that AI helps estimate emissions more accurately, automates compliance reporting, and increases stakeholder trust through transparent data systems. However, challenges such as poor data quality, ethical issues, regulatory differences, and lack of common technology standards still exist. The study adds to research on sustainable finance by proposing a framework for AI-based carbon accounting and discussing its importance for policymakers, financial institutions, and corporate managers.

This study examined the effect of motivation on employee performance at the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MAI) in Hirshabelle State, Somalia. The study focused on key motivational factors such as recognition, training, financial incentives, promotion opportunities, and leadership support, and their influence on employee performance in terms of productivity, efficiency, and quality of work. A quantitative, descriptive, and correlational research design was employed. Data were collected using a structured 5-point Likert-scale questionnaire administered to all 39 employees of the ministry, and all responses were analyzed.
The findings revealed that recognition and training were the most common motivational practices, while financial incentives and promotion opportunities were perceived as inconsistent. The results further showed a positive relationship between employee motivation and performance, with highly motivated employees demonstrating better efficiency and quality of work. Motivational challenges, particularly irregular salary payments and weak leadership, were found to negatively affect employee performance. The study concludes that both intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors are essential for improving employee performance in public sector institutions.

Purpose: This study examines the relationship between the reality of using interactive artificial intelligence (AI) applications and the development of Islamic social values among students with learning disabilities, from the perspective of special education teachers in Irbid, Jordan, and it identifies the challenges that limit the use of these applications. Design/methodology/approach: A cross-sectional survey was applied through a 24-item questionnaire with three axes (reality of use, role in developing Islamic social values, and challenges), measured on a five-point agreement scale, and it was answered by 283 special education teachers working in government schools, private schools, and special education centres. The data were analysed through descriptive statistics, multiple linear regression with a bootstrap robustness test, and Welch tests for demographic differences. Findings: The teachers reported a high level of use (M = 4.12), a high perceived role of the applications in developing the values (M = 4.03), and a high level of challenges (M = 3.79), mainly the concern of the parents, the little Arabic Islamic content, and the cost. The reality of use was positively associated with the perceived development of values after controlling for the demographic variables (β1 = 0.46, p < .001, f² = 0.25), and the bootstrap 95% confidence interval [0.35, 0.56] confirmed the result. The teachers who received training in AI reported a higher reality of use than the others (d = 0.70), while no significant differences appeared by gender, qualification, experience, or type of institution. Originality: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first quantitative study that links AI applications with Islamic social values for students with learning disabilities in the Jordanian context. Practical implications: The findings support including the use of AI applications for teaching values in the training programmes of special education teachers, producing Arabic Islamic content suitable for students with learning disabilities, and addressing the cost, the infrastructure, and the concerns of the parents.

Spam detection remains an important problem in cybersecurity, where effective classifiers must balance detection quality with computational efficiency. This paper presents a lightweight spam classifier built around a four-layer BERT-mini encoder and a custom classification head. The system combines a pretrained transformer backbone with progressive feature transformation, mixed-precision training, sequence truncation, and an interactive graphical user interface. Experiments were conducted on the SMS Spam Collection dataset. On the reported evaluation split, the model achieves an F1-score of 0.9329, with 47 ms reported inference latency per message. The results indicate that compact transformer-based architecture can provide competitive spam-classification performance while reducing computational requirements relative to larger transformer models.

This article analyzes a previous article, "Applying Lucas Succession to the Harmonic Hamiltonian of the Representation of Born and Jordan."byWelken Charlois Gonçalves, in awhich emphasizes the use of formulas and equationsof recurrences in Quantum Mechanics, with the aim of expanding its teaching and universal understanding. With this possibility, verified in this article, the facts become clear and consolidated.whatThere are numerous possibilities, or thousands, or millions, in the application and use of recursive formulas and equations in the sciences. A person like the author of the article is able to demonstrate one possibility, with the awareness that millions exist in the theories of science across all areas. The example of Luke's succession.And also, as Fibonacci's number theory has been discussed throughout history and in historical contexts of mathematics, it serves as an example of how to approach mathematical theories in physics and quantum mechanics, in this case, the harmonic oscillator.

This article presents a wayanalysis, with the aim of finding an operator ofEvolution in Quantum Mechanicsfor the Riemann Zeta Function and the NumbersPrimes, and consequently other evolution operatorsThey can be found for different formulas and equations. Basicallydo an analysis,with the intention ofattempts at analysis to findConstruction of a Self-Adjoint Riemann Hamiltonian from the Evolution Operatorsuitabilitythein MechanicsQuantum ofAccording to the Trivial Zeros of the Riemann Hypothesis,Through analysis of the article, the need for an operator is demonstrated.evolution to workThe Riemann Hypothesis and the Riemann Zeta function, one waythat could be builtwith attempts at analysis with bothThe articles mentioned in this analysis are used to advance the field of Mechanics.Quantum and Number Theory, focusing on prime numbers and Euler&#39;s equation for prime numbers, asproposed and explained in the first article [1].

Modern Omni channel marketing strategy operates in an increasingly complex, high-dimensional, and non-stationary environment. Traditional marketing attribution and budget allocation frameworks—such as heuristics, single-touch attribution (First-Touch, Last-Touch), and static econometric modeling—fail to capture sequential consumer decision interactions, cross-channel synergy decay, and delayed conversion feedback loops. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithmic marketing framework integrating Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) with an Attention-Based Multi-Touch Attribution (Attn-MTA) mechanism to optimize dynamic content personalization and real-time media spend allocation. We model the consumer decision journey as a high-dimensional Continuous State-Space Markov Decision Process (MDP), wherein an agent leverages Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) paired with a Soft Actor-Critic (SAC) module to adaptively reallocate promotional touchpoints across digital, social, search, and programmatic media. Furthermore, our attention mechanism explicitly decouples path-dependent multi-touch contribution weights from conversion outcomes, eliminating systemic biases in credit assignment. Extensive empirical evaluations conducted on multi-million clickstream transaction datasets demonstrate that our proposed DRL-MTA framework achieves a 42.6% uplift in Return on Ad Spend (ROAS), a 31.4% reduction in Customer Acquisition Cost (CAC), and superior convergence stability compared to state-of-the-art heuristic and predictive baselines. Finally, we provide an enterprise deployment architecture and discuss strategic implications for marketing leaders navigating privacy-first data environments.

Background
The establishment of the National Commission for Homoeopathy (NCH) has significantly modernised the governance, ethical standards, and educational regulations of homoeopathic practice in India. While homoeopathic practitioners are increasingly integrated into mainstream healthcare systems, they operate within a complex legal grid. There remains a critical gap in understanding their exact responsibilities, boundaries, and liabilities under Indian jurisprudence.
Objectives
This study aims to provide a critical analysis of the medico-legal responsibilities of homoeopathic practitioners under the current NCH framework. It evaluates the legal expectations regarding emergency handling, medical negligence, informed consent, and documentation, while identifying potential areas of vulnerability for the clinician.
Methodology
A qualitative and analytical legal review was conducted. It involved a comprehensive cross-examination of the National Commission for Homoeopathy Act, 2020, relevant NCH regulations, and landmark judgments by the Supreme Court of India concerning medical negligence (Section 106 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023) and the Consumer Protection Act, 2019.
Results
The analysis reveals that while the NCH framework strengthens professional ethics, ambiguity persists regarding the legal boundaries of homoeopathic physicians in handling acute socio-legal emergencies and cross-practice. Furthermore, many practitioners lack formal training in the exact protocols of issuing valid medical certificates, managing dying declarations, and navigating the witness box. This gap elevates their vulnerability to allegations of professional misconduct or negligence.
Conclusion
The NCH framework successfully elevates professional accountability but must be supported by continuous medico-legal education. To safeguard practitioners and ensure patient safety, there is an urgent need to introduce mandatory, practice-oriented training modules in Forensic Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence for registered practitioners.

Now a days the importance of Green Finance (GF) is getting immense popularity not only at global scenario but also in our nation too. Green Finance is finance-related matters or items such as loans, investments and financial instruments movement towards environment friendly or benefits by businesses or persons or companies or any other organisations for the sake of sustainable development and economy in the form of green buildings, renewable energy, climate adoption and water management. The present research paper is going to study the impact and role of financial instruments or mechanisms in the improvement of sustainable development in Hyderabad city, the city is also known as a main technological and economic centre in our nation. The research is planning on key initiatives in green buildings and ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) aligned financial instruments in Hyderabad city of Telangana state. The study is going to identify the critical mechanisms which are facilitating GF (Green Finance) allocation to desirable ESG goals. The study is going to apply the analytical method of research in relation to the green building certification and ESG aligned financial instruments in the fast-growing city (Hyderabad) towards green finance in India. The study contributes to the understanding of how Hyderabad develops city’s economy and can mobilize green finance to accomplish pollution reduction, promotion in sustainable economic growth, urban climate action and improve healthy environment to all the stakeholders of the city. The paper concludes that a synergistic relationship between robust certification standards and accessible financial mechanisms is crucial for driving urban sustainability.

This study examines the growth in assets under management (AUM), net asset value (NAV) and returns of ten actively managed equity mutual fund schemes in India, five in the large-cap category and five in the flexi-cap category, using 60 monthly observations from January 2021 to December 2025. Combined AUM of the ten schemes rose from ₹1,32,292 crore to ₹4,31,957 crore (3.27 times), and the flexi-cap schemes increased their share of this pool from 46% to 64%. 8 of the 10 schemes delivered a NAV compound annual growth rate (CAGR) above that of the Nifty 50 (14.14%), with HDFC Flexi Cap (24.03%) highest and Axis Bluechip (11.39%) lowest. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) on 590 monthly returns found no statistically significant difference in mean monthly returns across the ten schemes, F(9, 580) = 0.30, p = .975, η² = 0.005; the null hypothesis was therefore not rejected, and the result was robust to non-parametric and heteroscedasticity-robust tests. In contrast, a supplementary ANOVA showed that monthly AUM growth differed significantly across schemes, F(9, 580) = 9.70, p < .001, η² = 0.131, driven chiefly by Parag Parikh Flexi Cap and Canara Robeco Bluechip. The results suggest that investor money has been far more unevenly distributed across schemes than the returns earned would justify, which has implications for fund selection, distribution and investor education.

The prevalence of gastrointestinal diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome, functional dyspepsia, constipation, inflammatory bowel diseases, and gastroesophageal reflux disease is increasing globally and are now being associated with the dysbiosis of gut microbiota, dysfunction of the epithelial barrier, immunological imbalance, and alterations in the gut-brain axis. While conventional pharmacotherapies may offer temporary relief but can be problematic due to side effects and lack the ability to reverse microbial dysbiosis. This review aims at critically examining the therapeutic application of probiotics and Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) as a phytobiotic approach for managing the gut microbiome and gastrointestinal disorders. Literature searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases up to 2025 with the use of key terms such as gut microbiome, probiotics, Foeniculum vulgare, phytobiotics, synbiotics, and gastrointestinal disorders. Peer-reviewed scientific publications on the topic have been chosen and studied concerning their mechanisms, efficiency, and synergy. The use of probiotics, like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, promotes a healthier digestive tract through maintaining the microbial balance, formation of short-chain fatty acids, increase in epithelial cell integrity, and regulation of immune reactions. Foeniculum vulgare is endowed with trans-anethole, fenchone, flavonoids, and phenolic acids and features the ability to perform as an antispasmodic agent, have antimicrobial effects, act as an antioxidant, reduce inflammation, and serve as a prebiotic. It may be expected that their synergy can result in better efficacy owing to inflammation reduction, better mucus protection, and proper bacterial metabolic processes. Using advanced drug delivery methods, such as microencapsulation, can promote better results as well. Nevertheless, clinical trials and standardization are necessary for developing this new treatment method.

With increased adoption of choice architecture in online environments through defaults, scarcity and social proof cues, personalised recommendations, and interface level nudges to guide consumer choice, a key concern has been this balance between positive nudging that supports the decision-making process, and manipulative nudges that can diminish the consumer's perceived autonomy – and this literature continues to be largely dispersed across the fields of behavioural economics, consumer psychology, information systems and ethics. Accordingly, this paper proposes a conceptual paper that will build theory on the digital nudging phenomenon – understanding how digital nudges influence consumer perceptions, decision making and perceived autonomy – by developing a conceptual synthesis based on a literature review integrating perspectives from nudging, dual-process, self-determination, reactance theory and dark patterns, in response to existing calls for theoretical exploration and conceptual development, that will not only construct an integrative framework for digital nudge effects but also generate testable propositions that bridge the "for good" nudge and "dark" nudge perspectives, inform decision making in practice, stimulate future research on this important research area, and provide managerial and regulatory implications.

Digital banking has transformed the traditional banking system by providing convenient, fast, and technology-driven financial services to customers. The present study examines the impact of digital banking services on customer satisfaction with special reference to Karnataka. The study is based on primary data collected from 50 respondents using a structured questionnaire and simple random sampling technique. Various aspects such as the usage of digital banking services, frequency of use, purpose of use, security perception, and satisfaction level were analyzed. The results indicate that a majority of respondents frequently use digital banking services such as UPI payments, mobile banking, and internet banking. Most respondents reported that digital banking reduces bank visits and provides greater convenience in performing financial transactions. The study also found that a large proportion of respondents are satisfied with digital banking services, although certain issues such as network problems and security concerns still exist. Overall, digital banking services have a positive impact on customer satisfaction, improving the efficiency and accessibility of banking services. The study suggests that banks should enhance security measures, improve technological infrastructure, and increase digital awareness programs to further strengthen customer satisfaction with digital banking services.

Cancer treatment has progressed from nonspecific cytotoxic chemotherapy toward molecularly guided approaches that seek to improve tumor selectivity while preserving therapeutic potency. Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) represent an important evolution of this strategy by combining a tumor-recognizing monoclonal antibody with a highly potent cytotoxic payload through a chemically designed linker. The antibody component contributes selective antigen binding and, in many products, promotes internalization; the linker controls stability during systemic circulation and intracellular drug release; and the payload produces the principal antitumor effect. Advances in antibody engineering, linker chemistry, conjugation control and payload selection have contributed to the clinical success of ADCs in both hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Contemporary products such as trastuzumab deruxtecan, sacituzumab govitecan, mirvetuximab soravtansine, enfortumab vedotin and datopotamab deruxtecan illustrate how ADC design can extend activity across different tumor types and antigen-expression levels. Nevertheless, ADC therapy does not eliminate systemic toxicity and is affected by antigen heterogeneity, limited tumor penetration, altered trafficking, payload resistance and other mechanisms of treatment failure. Toxicities may arise from target expression in normal tissues, premature payload release or exposure to active metabolites. This review summarizes the historical development, structural components, mechanisms of action, target selection, linker and payload technologies, drug-to-antibody ratio, conjugation methods, pharmacokinetics, clinically approved ADCs, clinical applications, safety considerations, resistance mechanisms, combination strategies and next-generation approaches. Emphasis is placed on critical comparison of ADC technologies and on the emerging role of biomarker-guided and site-specific designs in precision oncology.

Mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) is one of the capture fisheries commodities with high economic value and is widely marketed at TPI Tambak Lorok. The marketing process for Indian mackerel involves several marketing agencies that can influence the marketing margin and the price share received by fishers. This study aims to analyze the condition of capture fisheries, marketing channels, marketing margins, fisherman’s share, and marketing efficiency of Indian mackerel at TPI Tambak Lorok, Semarang. The study was conducted in February 2026 using a descriptive method with a survey approach. Sampling of traders was carried out using purposive sampling. Data collection was conducted through interviews, observation, documentation, and literature study, then analyzed descriptively and quantitatively using marketing distribution analysis, marketing margin, fisherman’s share, and marketing efficiency. The results showed that the production of Indian mackerel at Tambak Lorok Fish Auction Place area from 2020–2024 experienced an increase, with the 2024 production amounting to 11,276 kg and a production value of IDR 169,140,000. The marketing system for Indian mackerel consists of two marketing channels, namely marketing channel I (fishers–consumers) and marketing channel II (fishers–retailers–consumers). Marketing channel I has a marketing margin of IDR 0/kg and a fisherman’s share of 100%, while marketing channel II has a marketing margin of IDR 5,000/kg and a fisherman’s share of 83.33%. The study concludes that Marketing Channel I is the most efficient because it has a shorter distribution chain, lower marketing margin, and a higher share received by fishers.

Electronic payment systems (EPS) such as debit cards, credit cards, internet banking, tele-banking and mobile banking offer faster and more convenient transactions than cash and cheques. Although Sri Lanka’s payment infrastructure has expanded markedly, including the national LANKAQR standard introduced in 2018, consumer uptake has not matched the technological supply. This study identifies the critical factors affecting consumer perception of EPS and determines the key antecedents among them. A conceptual framework drawing on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), UTAUT and Diffusion of Innovations theory proposes seven antecedents (perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived security, trust, perceived cost, social influence and facilitating conditions) and seven hypotheses (H1–H7). Primary data will be collected through a five-point Likert-scale online questionnaire from 200 employed or self-employed EPS users in the Gampaha district. Analysis comprises descriptive statistics and mean ranking, Cronbach’s alpha reliability testing, correlation, and multiple regression. Using an illustrative simulated dataset (n = 200), all constructs showed good reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.80–0.86) and the regression model explained 62% of the variance in consumer perception. Perceived security (β = 0.323), perceived ease of use (β = 0.249), perceived usefulness (β = 0.241), trust (β = 0.167) and facilitating conditions (β = 0.150) were significant positive predictors, whereas perceived cost and social influence were not significant.

This paper examines the contested processes of rehabilitation of the Meo community in the Matsya Union (formed by the merger of the princely states of Alwar, Bharatpur, Dholpur and Karauli) and the adjoining Gurgaon district between 1948 and 1949. In the aftermath of Partition violence, tens of thousands of Meos- a liminal agrarian community straddling Hindu and Muslim cultural practices- were displaced from their lands in Alwar and Bharatpur, seeking refuge primarily in Gurgaon. While many ultimately migrated to Pakistan, a substantial number remained in or returned to India, asserting claims to their ancestral holdings amid the competing demands of Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Punjab. Drawing on archival correspondence, cabinet committee records, fact-finding committee reports and ministerial notes, the study analyses the bureaucratic contestations that shaped Meo resettlement. Central to these conflicts were jurisdictional and ideological differences between the Ministry of States (under Vallabhbhai Patel) and the Ministry of Relief and Rehabilitation, as well as broader divergences between Nehru and Patel. Nehru consistently pressed for the return and temporary-to-permanent allotment of land to Meos who had remained in or returned to the Indian Union, viewing their rehabilitation as essential to secular nation-building and agricultural continuity. Patel and officials aligned with the States Ministry, by contrast, prioritised the settlement of non-Muslim refugees on vacated Meo lands and favoured more restrictive criteria for Meo claims, reflecting security concerns and local political pressures in the newly integrated princely territories.

The increasing use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in auditing is changing the way financial information is examined and potential fraudulent activities are identified. AI-based techniques can process extensive financial datasets and assist auditors in recognizing unusual transactions, recurring patterns, and potential indicators of fraud. Despite these advantages, the limited interpretability of many AI models creates challenges for auditors who are responsible for evaluating and supporting their professional decisions.
This study focuses on Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) as a means of improving the transparency of AI-assisted fraud detection. Although previous research has largely concentrated on the predictive capability and adoption of AI-based auditing tools, comparatively less attention has been given to the behavioural and professional factors associated with explainability. In particular, the relationships among explainability, perceived transparency, auditor trust, professional scepticism, and fraud-detection effectiveness require further consideration.
The study uses a qualitative secondary-data approach based on academic publications, professional auditing standards, industry reports, and relevant regulatory documents. The literature is reviewed and synthesized to identify major themes, relationships, limitations, and opportunities for future research.
Based on the reviewed literature, the study proposes a conceptual framework in which XAI improves the interpretability of AI-generated fraud alerts, thereby increasing perceived transparency and supporting appropriate auditor trust. Professional scepticism is positioned as an important safeguard that encourages auditors to critically evaluate AI recommendations rather than accept them automatically. The framework therefore emphasizes collaboration between AI systems and human auditors, with AI supporting analytical tasks while final professional responsibility remains with the auditor.

Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) is moving rapidly from experimentation into teachers’ everyday planning, assessment, resource creation and instructional decision-making, yet adoption remains uneven and ethically contested in K–12 schools. Existing research has concentrated primarily on teacher-level acceptance, preparedness and AI literacy, leaving limited multilevel evidence on how school leaders’ own AI competence and ethical leadership shape teachers’ classroom use of GenAI and the translation of that use into instructional innovation. This study develops a multilevel model that positions principal AI literacy and ethical leadership as school-level antecedents, teacher GenAI adoption as a teacher-level mediating mechanism, and instructional innovation as the downstream pedagogical outcome. The study is grounded in the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) and Social Learning Theory. A matched principal–teacher quantitative design is proposed for licensed Montessori and Montessori-oriented private schools in Greater Accra, Ghana. The target design is at least 60 school clusters, one principal per school and approximately eight to ten teachers per school. Principal AI literacy will be measured from principal reports, ethical leadership from aggregated teacher ratings, and GenAI adoption and instructional innovation from teacher responses collected in two waves. Multilevel structural equation modelling will be used to evaluate measurement quality, between-school variance, direct cross-level effects and indirect effects through teacher GenAI adoption. The study is designed to contribute to educational leadership and AI-in-education research by showing whether technologically literate and ethically credible principals create school conditions in which teachers not only adopt GenAI but convert it into responsible instructional innovation.

Numeracy skills and self-efficacy are important for elementary students’ success in mathematics, yet improvement may vary according to the learning approach. This study examined normalized gain in numeracy skills and self-efficacy among elementary students following a Problem-Based Learning intervention, emphasizing improvement magnitude rather than posttest differences. A quantitative quasi-experimental study used a nonequivalent pretest-posttest control group design involving 36 fifth-grade students, with 18 in the Problem-Based Learning group and 18 in the conventional-learning group. Data were collected through a numeracy skills test on angle measurement and a self-efficacy questionnaire. Normalized gain was calculated from pretest and posttest scores and compared using an independent-samples t-test. The Problem-Based Learning group increased in numeracy from 41.16 to 77.16, yielding a normalized gain of 0.6264, categorized as moderate, compared with 0.1436, categorized as low, in the conventional-learning group. Self-efficacy increased from 59.00 to 78.61, with a normalized gain of 0.4762, while the conventional-learning group showed −0.0053. Differences in normalized gain were significant for numeracy skills (t = 10.838, p < 0.001) and self-efficacy (t = 13.933, p < 0.001). These findings indicate greater normalized improvement under Problem-Based Learning and contribute evidence on improvement magnitude. Further research should examine longer interventions and broader school contexts.

A school calendar is generally understood as an administrative document designed to provide information about academic schedules, holidays, institutional events, and important dates. However, a school calendar can also function as a significant visual and cultural document through which an educational institution communicates its philosophy, institutional identity, values, student experiences, and relationship with the wider social and cultural environment. The present qualitative study examines the school calendar of Deep Darshan Vidhya Sankul as a multimodal institutional document. The study adopts a qualitative visual-documentary approach to understand how educational activities, student participation, institutional events, cultural representations, and visual elements contribute to the construction of the institution's identity.
The analysis considers the calendar not merely as a chronological arrangement of dates but as a form of institutional communication containing textual and visual modes of meaning-making. Particular attention is given to the representation of students, school activities, celebrations, natural imagery, institutional presentation, and the relationship between visual design and educational communication. The findings indicate that a school calendar can operate beyond its administrative function and may serve as a medium for communicating educational values, participation, community engagement, cultural consciousness, and institutional identity. The study further argues that such calendars can be examined as components of the hidden curriculum because they communicate values and expectations through visual and textual representations that may not necessarily appear in the formal curriculum.

समावेशी शिक्षा आधुनिक शिक्षा व्यवस्था की एक महत्वपूर्ण अवधारणा है, जिसका उद्देश्य विभिन्न क्षमताओं, सामाजिक एवं आर्थिक पृष्ठभूमियों तथा सीखने की विविध आवश्यकताओं वाले सभी विद्यार्थियों को एक समान शैक्षिक वातावरण उपलब्ध कराना है। समावेशी कक्षा में विद्यार्थियों के शैक्षणिक विकास के साथ-साथ उनके सामाजिक, भावनात्मक एवं मनोवैज्ञानिक समायोजन पर भी विशेष ध्यान दिया जाता है। इस संदर्भ में सहपाठी सहयोग एक प्रभावशाली शैक्षिक एवं सामाजिक प्रक्रिया के रूप में उभरता है। सहपाठी सहयोग के माध्यम से विद्यार्थी एक-दूसरे की सहायता करते हैं, विचारों का आदान-प्रदान करते हैं, सामूहिक गतिविधियों में भाग लेते हैं तथा सामाजिक संबंधों का निर्माण करते हैं।
प्रस्तुत शोध-पत्र का मुख्य उद्देश्य समावेशी कक्षा में सहपाठी सहयोग और विद्यार्थियों के समायोजन के मध्य संबंध का विश्लेषण करना है। अध्ययन में समायोजन को मुख्यतः सामाजिक, भावनात्मक, शैक्षिक एवं विद्यालयीय समायोजन के आयामों के संदर्भ में समझा गया है। उपलब्ध साहित्य के विश्लेषण से स्पष्ट होता है कि सकारात्मक सहपाठी संबंध विद्यार्थियों में अपनत्व, आत्मविश्वास, सहयोग की भावना तथा विद्यालय के प्रति सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण विकसित करने में सहायक हो सकते हैं। विशेष रूप से विशेष शैक्षिक आवश्यकताओं वाले विद्यार्थियों के लिए सहपाठी सहयोग सामाजिक सहभागिता और कक्षा में स्वीकार्यता को बढ़ाने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभा सकता है। साथ ही, प्रभावी सहपाठी सहयोग के लिए शिक्षक की भूमिका, कक्षा का वातावरण, सहयोगात्मक गतिविधियों की प्रकृति तथा विद्यार्थियों के बीच सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण आवश्यक हैं।

Nail polish removers are cosmetic preparations used to remove nail polish from the nail plate by dissolving or redissolving the film-forming components of nail polish. Acetone is one of the most commonly used nail-polish-removing solvents; however, frequent use may contribute to nail dryness and irritation. Acetone-free removers containing solvents such as ethyl acetate have therefore gained attention as alternative formulations. Ethyl acetate is an effective organic solvent used in nail polish and nail-polish-remover preparations. Aloe vera is a natural cosmetic ingredient associated with moisturizing and skin-conditioning properties. Vitamin E is a lipid-soluble antioxidant widely used in cosmetic formulations. Orange oil provides a pleasant citrus aroma and contains volatile terpenes, particularly limonene. Caprylic/capric triglycerides are lightweight emollient ingredients used in cosmetics for skin conditioning and emolliency. The proposed nail-polish-removing wipe combines ethyl acetate as the principal solvent with aloe vera, vitamin E, orange oil and caprylic/capric triglycerides as conditioning and sensory ingredients. The formulation is intended to provide convenient nail-polish removal while reducing the dry feel associated with solvent exposure. However, because aloe vera gel is generally water-containing while ethyl acetate and the lipid ingredients belong predominantly to organic/oil phases, compatibility, phase stability, solvent evaporation, preservative requirements and wipe saturation must be evaluated carefully. Therefore, the proposed formulation represents a suitable basis for laboratory development and evaluation of acetone-free nail-polish-removing wipes.

Rising youth unemployment and rapid digitalisation have pushed policymakers and educators to ask whether entrepreneurship education that is delivered and applied through digital tools can translate into real economic gains for young people. This study examined the relationship between digital entrepreneurship education (DEE) and youth economic empowerment (YEE) among Nigerian tertiary students, and tested whether digital skills (DSK) and entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) transmit this relationship. A cross-sectional survey design was applied to an illustrative sample of 320 students drawn from computer science/ICT, business/economics, and education programmes in North-East Nigeria. Reliability was acceptable for all scales (Cronbach's α = .79–.86). DEE was positively associated with YEE (β = .46, p < .001), and a serial mediation model with bias-corrected bootstrapping showed that 43% of this total effect operated indirectly, primarily through ESE and through the sequential path DSK → ESE. Students with high DEE exposure reported markedly higher empowerment than those with low exposure, F(2, 317) = 33.08, p < .001, η² = .17. The findings suggest that digital entrepreneurship curricula should deliberately build confidence and applied digital competence rather than transmit business knowledge alone. Policy and curriculum recommendations are provided.

Mathematical concepts are often communicated through symbols, equations, graphs, and formal procedures, which can make abstract relationships difficult to connect with familiar experience. Embodied cognition emphasizes the role of perception, action, gesture, and bodily interaction in cognition, while conceptual metaphor explains how structure from a familiar experiential domain can support understanding of an abstract mathematical domain. This study presents an integrated Metaphor-Embodied Simulation Approach that connects these perspectives. A conceptual literature-synthesis and framework-development methodology was used to examine work on embodied cognition, mathematical cognition, conceptual metaphor, embodied simulation, enactive metaphorising, action and language, gesture, and technology-supported embodied learning. The synthesis produced a framework linking embodied experience, conceptual metaphor, metaphorical mapping, embodied simulation, mathematical representation, and conceptual understanding. It also produced structured algorithms for designing metaphor-embodied mathematical activities and assessing explanation, formal representation, transfer, metaphor-related misconceptions, and independent reasoning. The results indicate that embodied experience can serve as a meaningful starting point for mathematical thought when it is explicitly connected to mathematical language, representation, reflection, and gradual abstraction. The framework is a conceptual synthesis rather than evidence of a single experimentally established cognitive mechanism. It provides a reproducible basis for future empirical testing and for the design and assessment of embodied mathematical learning activities.

This study examined the moderating role of national culture on the relationships among leadership perception, employee commitment, and customer satisfaction in multinational companies (MNCs) operating in Ghana. Using a quantitative cross-sectional design, data were collected from 360 frontline employees and 1,080 customers across eight MNCs in the banking, telecommunications, and hospitality sectors. Leadership perception was measured using culturally adapted leadership scales, employee commitment was assessed using Meyer and Allen's three-component commitment scale, customer satisfaction was measured using SERVQUAL-derived scales, and national culture was operationalized through Hofstede's cultural dimensions. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and hierarchical regression with moderation analyses were conducted. Results revealed that leadership perception significantly predicted affective commitment (β = 0.44, p < .001) and customer satisfaction (β = 0.38, p < .001). National culture significantly moderated the leadership-commitment relationship (β = -0.19, p < .001) and the commitment-customer satisfaction relationship (β = -0.16, p < .01), with stronger effects observed in high collectivism and high-power distance contexts. Employee commitment significantly mediated the leadership-customer satisfaction relationship, with the indirect effect stronger in high collectivism cultures. The findings highlight that culturally congruent leadership practices enhance employee commitment and customer satisfaction. Implications for cross-cultural leadership development, employee engagement, and service quality management in Ghanaian MNCs are discussed.

This study examined the effect of perceived inclusive leadership on employee commitment and customer-facing outcomes in service organizations in Ghana. Using a quantitative cross-sectional design, data were collected from 360 frontline employees and 1,080 customers across six organizations in the banking, telecommunications, and hospitality sectors. Perceived inclusive leadership was measured using an adapted Inclusive Leadership Scale, employee commitment was measured using Meyer and Allen's three-component commitment scale, and customer-facing outcomes were assessed through service quality and customer satisfaction measures. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to examine relationships and mediating effects. Results revealed significant positive correlations between perceived inclusive leadership and employee commitment (r = 0.53, p < .001), and between perceived inclusive leadership and customer-facing outcomes (r = 0.48, p < .001). Hierarchical regression demonstrated that perceived inclusive leadership significantly predicted employee commitment (β = 0.45, p < .001), accounting for 30% of the variance. Employee commitment significantly mediated the relationship between perceived inclusive leadership and customer-facing outcomes (indirect effect = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.16 to 0.30). The findings highlight that inclusive leadership fosters employee commitment, which translates into superior service delivery and customer satisfaction. Implications for leadership development, employee engagement, and service quality management in Ghanaian service organizations are discussed.

This study examined the influence of leadership perception on employee commitment and customer satisfaction within multinational corporations (MNCs) operating in Ghana, testing the applicability of the service-profit chain framework in a developing economy context. Using a quantitative cross-sectional design, data were collected from 420 employees and 210 customers across six MNCs in the financial services and telecommunications sectors. Leadership perception was measured using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), employee commitment was assessed using the Three-Component Model (Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment), and customer satisfaction was measured using the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI). Descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationships among the variables. Results revealed significant positive correlations between leadership perception and employee commitment (r = 0.54, p < .001), employee commitment and customer satisfaction (r = 0.49, p < .001), and leadership perception and customer satisfaction (r = 0.41, p < .001). Hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that leadership perception significantly predicted employee commitment (β = 0.52, p < .001) and customer satisfaction (β = 0.38, p < .001), while employee commitment mediated the relationship between leadership perception and customer satisfaction. The findings confirm the service-profit chain's applicability in the Ghanaian MNC context, highlighting that effective leadership enhances employee commitment, which in turn drives customer satisfaction. Implications for leadership development, human resource management, and service quality enhancement in MNCs are discussed.

This study examines the moderating effect of financial literacy on the relationship between Point-of-Sale (POS) transactions and economic growth in Nigeria, using time-series data from 2012 to 2025. Employing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach, the study investigates both short-run and long-run dynamics among the variables. The empirical findings reveal that POS transactions exert a positive and significant influence on economic growth in both the short run and the long run. More importantly, the interaction between POS transactions and financial literacy is found to be highly significant (β = 5.25, p = 0.001), indicating that the growth-enhancing benefits of POS systems are amplified when users possess adequate financial knowledge. Diagnostic and stability tests confirmed the robustness, reliability, and stability of the estimated model. The study recommends intensified financial literacy programmes, targeted financial education campaigns for traders and small businesses, and investment in digital payment infrastructure to enhance the effectiveness of POS systems in promoting economic growth in Nigeria.

This study examines the association between sustainable finance and corporate value among ten large Indian listed companies. Sustainable finance is represented by published CRISIL ESG scores for FY2024–25, while corporate value is proxied by market capitalisation reported in April 2025. The sample comprises Reliance Industries, HDFC Bank, Tata Consultancy Services, Bharti Airtel, ICICI Bank, State Bank of India, Infosys, Bajaj Finance, Hindustan Unilever and ITC. Descriptive analysis, Pearson correlation and an exploratory ordinary least squares regression using log market capitalisation are applied. The mean ESG score is 66.0, with scores ranging from 55 to 76. The correlation between ESG score and log market capitalisation is -0.128 (p=0.725), and the regression R² is 0.016. The small cross-sectional sample does not provide statistically significant evidence of a direct association between the two variables. The result highlights the importance of controlling for firm size, industry, profitability, leverage and other determinants when assessing value effects of sustainable finance.

This study examines the relationship between FinTech adoption and bank performance in India using FY 2024–25 evidence from six selected scheduled commercial banks: HDFC Bank, Axis Bank, Punjab National Bank, South Indian Bank, Karur Vysya Bank and Ujjivan Small Finance Bank. FinTech adoption is proxied by the share of financial transactions conducted through digital channels, while bank performance is measured primarily through Return on Assets (ROA), with Return on Equity (ROE) and Net Non-Performing Asset (NPA) ratio used as supplementary indicators. The evidence shows that digital transaction penetration was already very high across the sample, ranging from 92.4% to 98%. A simple cross-sectional regression produces a small positive coefficient between digital-transaction share and ROA, but the relationship is statistically insignificant. The Pearson correlation is approximately 0.103 (p=0.846), and the model explains only about 1.1% of the variation in ROA. The findings indicate that high digital adoption by itself does not guarantee higher profitability. Bank size, business model, asset quality, capital structure, pricing, operating efficiency and the ability to convert technology investment into revenue and productivity may be more important determinants of performance. The study contributes by separating the measurement of digital adoption from financial outcomes and by highlighting the need for multidimensional FinTech-performance models in Indian banking research.

Digital payments have become a central component of India's financial transformation. This study examines whether higher adoption of digital payments is associated with broader financial inclusion across Indian states. The empirical analysis uses FY 2024–25 state-level data for 14 major states/territories for which comparable public UPI-intensity observations were available, combined with Reserve Bank of India banking indicators. Digital-payment adoption is measured by UPI transactions per capita. Financial inclusion is represented by an equal-weighted composite index based on bank branches per 100,000 population, scheduled commercial bank deposits per capita, scheduled commercial bank credit per capita, and the credit-deposit ratio. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and an OLS regression with heteroskedasticity-robust standard errors are employed. The analysis identifies a positive cross-sectional association between UPI intensity and the composite financial-inclusion measure. Because the design is cross-sectional and the sample is limited by the availability of comparable state-wise UPI intensity data, the results should be interpreted as evidence of association rather than causation. The paper highlights the importance of combining digital-payment expansion with banking access, affordability, digital capability and responsible financial-service delivery.

As the incidence of shopping cart abandonment in online retail continues to damage profits on a global scale with recent reports of the issue having reached as high as 70.19% of transactions during 2025 (Statista, in Das Sarma et al. 2025), with checkout phase hesitation consistently identified as the closest psychological stimulus to non-purchase in the stimuli-organism-response model (Wang et al. 2022), a situation that is only further exacerbated by proof that decision procrastination mediate the relations between consumers' mood and the likelihood of abandoning items in the cart (Silva et al. 2025), this theoretical paper seeks to close that persistent theoretical gulf that exists in relation to why this reasoned, rather than mere reflexive or unintended, restraint should lead to lasting constraint and cart abandonment. It is proposed that a conceptual model in which purchase hesitation is a prime determinant of abandoned cart behavior be developed, with self-regulatory efficacy (as interpreted by consumers to reflect their perceived capacity to deliberately restrain, delay, or ignore an initial preference for a product) as the fundamental mediator of transition between hesitation and explicit abandon of shopping cart content; this proposal derives mainly from an elaboration of Bandura's theory of Self-Efficacy and Social Cognitive Theory in explaining a "regulatory confidence" facet and from application of Regulatory Focus Theory in addressing the promotional and precautionary motivations that drive behavior associated with e-cart purchase processes (Kukar-Kinney et al. 2022). We also attempt to address friction at the time of decision/checkout choice as well as complexities in products for comparison that had individually been shown to strengthen the possibility of abandoned shopping carts (Sharma and Srivastava, in Das Sarma et al. 2025). Within this conceptual framework, purchase hesitation's impacts are mediated, both directly and indirectly through self-regulatory efficacy as behavioral intent/outcome of high regulatory efficiency under circumstances that entail product examination/choice and subsequent hesitation; the research is aimed to expand a scarce body of literature, which connect deliberate self-regulation to non-purchase activities online, and beyond purely habitual causes like spontaneity and inconvenience, giving e-commerce sites and digital marketers empirical bases for the development of checkout strategies that align with rather than counteract the purchase decisions being supported, and providing research hypothesis structures tested through structural equation modelling, for Indian as well as other emerging online markets.

This study assessed retirement plan strategies for job performance of academic staff in public universities in Rivers State, Nigeria. The study was guided by three objectives and corresponding research questions and hypotheses, focusing on healthcare savings plans, avoidance of new long-term liabilities, and regular Voluntary Additional Contribution (VAC) to pension accounts and their influence on the job performance of academic staff. A descriptive survey research design was adopted. The population comprised 3,165 academic staff in the three public universities in Rivers State, namely the University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State University, and Ignatius Ajuru University of Education. A proportionate stratified random sample of 316 academic staff, comprising 204 males and 112 females, was selected. Data were collected using a self-structured 21-item instrument titled: Assessment of Retirement Plan Strategies for Job Performance of Academic Staff in Public Universities Scale (ARPSJPASPUS). The instrument was validated through expert review and supervisor vetting, while Cronbach's Alpha yielded an overall reliability coefficient of 0.85. Of the 316 copies administered, 293 (93%) were retrieved, while 287 (91%) were usable for analysis. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions, while z-test statistics were used to test the three null hypotheses at the 0.05 level of significance. The findings showed that healthcare savings plans, avoidance of new long-term liabilities, and regular VAC to pension accounts each influence the job performance of academic staff to a high extent. Significant differences were found in healthcare savings plans based on age and avoidance of new long-term liabilities based on university ownership, whereas no significant difference existed for regular VAC based on university ownership. The study concluded that retirement plan strategies are important for supporting academic staff job performance and recommended improved access to healthcare savings plans, regular financial counselling on long-term liabilities, and increased voluntary pension contributions.

This study investigated personality traits as predictors of imposter syndrome among secondary school students in Rivers State. The study was guided by five research questions and their corresponding null hypotheses. The design for the study was correlational research design. The population of the study comprises all the 197,428 senior secondary school students enrolled in the 367 public senior secondary schools in Rivers State. A sample of 398 respondents as determined by Taro Yamane Formula. In the distribution of the sample size multi-stage sampling procedure was used to draw the sample size. Two instruments were used for the study. They are personality Traits Scale (PTS) and Imposter Syndrome Scale (ISS). Research instruments were validated by three experts in the field of Measurement and Evaluation. The construct validity was also done using factor analysis. To ensure the reliability of the instruments, Cronbach alpha technique was used for all the instruments. The alpha coefficients of 0.78 and 0.87 for personality traits and imposter syndrome respectively. Research questions were answered using simple regression while hypotheses were tested using t-test associated with simple regression. Results revealed that personality traits (extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness) significantly predict imposter syndrome among secondary school students in Rivers State. It was recommended among others that School counsellors should develop and implement personality-awareness and self-development programmes for secondary school students to help them understand their individual personality characteristics, develop healthy self-perceptions, and manage personality-related tendencies that may contribute to feelings of inadequacy, self-doubt and imposter syndrome.

This study examines teacher competencies and the development of STEM education in lower secondary schools within the context of digital transformation and the application of artificial intelligence (AI). Teacher competence is evaluated based not only on the ability to use technology but also on the capacity to effectively integrate technology into pedagogical practice. Data were collected from teachers via questionnaires focusing on the utilization of digital resources, technology- and AI-supported STEM lesson design, digital assessment, and student monitoring and support. The results indicate a high level of engagement with digital resources; however, the integration of technology and AI into lesson design, assessment, and student support remains inconsistent. The study suggests a need to enhance teachers' digital pedagogical competencies by aligning technology and AI with STEM teaching practices.

Hoppers in cement factories are subjected to continuous abrasive wear from limestone and clinker, and the metallic and conventional polymeric liners currently used are costly to replace and environmentally burdensome. This study characterizes three waste-derived materials, rice husk ash (RHA), waste soda-lime glass (WG), and recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE), to establish their suitability as constituents of a sustainable composite hopper liner. RHA and WG were sourced locally, processed by washing, drying, controlled combustion (RHA) or milling (WG), and analysed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to determine chemical composition. Recycled HDPE was sorted, washed, shredded and cryogenically ground, then examined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to confirm polymer identity and detect degradation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the microstructure of RHA and WG, while density, specific gravity, and bulk density were determined for all three materials. XRF results showed RHA contained 93.90% SiO2 (84.62% amorphous) with low loss-on-ignition (4.6%), confirming a highly reactive, thermally stable pozzolanic filler, while WG was dominated by SiO2 (72.5%), Na2O (14%) and CaO (10%), consistent with typical soda-lime glass chemistry. FTIR spectra of the recycled HDPE displayed the characteristic C–H stretching and bending bands (2913, 2847, 1465 and 721 cm⁻¹) expected of a polyethylene backbone, with a weak carbonyl-region absorption near 1742 cm⁻¹ indicating minor oxidative degradation from prior service life. SEM micrographs revealed irregular, angular RHA particles with a porous cellular structure and irregular, sharp-edged WG particles favourable for mechanical interlocking in a polymer matrix. Physical property testing showed RHA and WG densities of 2.182 and 2.495 g/cm³ respectively, both markedly higher than recycled HDPE (0.952 g/cm³), while RHA displayed the lowest bulk density (0.40 g/cm³), indicating high porosity. Taken together, the results indicate that RHA offers hardness- and wear-enhancing silica reinforcement, WG offers a hard, mechanically interlocking filler with pozzolanic secondary chemistry, and recycled HDPE offers a light, ductile, chemically stable matrix; the three waste streams are therefore chemically and physically complementary and are recommended as viable raw materials for a sustainable, low-cost composite hopper liner. Composite fabrication, blend optimization and comparative mechanical performance against conventional liner materials are reported in a companion study.

Sustainability is a core part of the institutional development, especially in academic institutions, where universities are increasingly responsible for reducing environmental footprint, fostering knowledge production and advancing social responsibility. Academic Libraries as an important functional unit of universities use a lot of resources in the fields of energy consumption, keeping the library infrastructure, provision of information management and technology-based services. The concept of green library has appeared as a strategy that combines the environmental issue with library functions such as energy saving, optimizing the use of resources, digitalization, minimizing waste and adopting environmental management strategies. The results indicate that strategic planning, institutional commitment, financial resources, and awareness of the library professionals and users are important issues in the process of making a green library. The study suggests that there is a need to enhance sustainable infrastructure, encourage sustainable energy usage, establish green policies and embed the concept of sustainable responsibility in library management systems. Green libraries have the potential to make a huge contribution to sustainable higher education by lowering the environmental footprint and enhancing the user experience and operational efficiency.

Silicosis is a progressive, irreversible, and incurable occupational lung disease caused by the inhalation of respirable crystalline silica dust (RCS), leading to chronic inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis. Despite being preventable, it remains a significant global health burden, with diagnosis often occurring only after irreversible damage has ensued. The ancient Ayurvedic medical system describes a sophisticated model of disease progression known as Kriya Kala, the six sequential stages of pathogenesis which provides a structured timeline from initial imbalance to complication. This paper systematically correlates the modern pathophysiology of silicosis, from particle deposition to end-stage fibrosis and complications, with these six stages of Kriya Kala (Sanchaya, Prakopa, Prasara, Sthana Samsraya, Vyakti, and Bheda). By establishing this conceptual bridge, we propose a novel, integrative framework that enhances the understanding of the disease continuum. This model underscores the critical importance of early identification and offers a strategic paradigm for stage-specific interventions, combining the preventive and holistic principles of Ayurveda with modern diagnostic and therapeutic tools to mitigate the progression of this devastating disease.

Due to ever-increasing world desire for renewable, sustainable energy source(s) and inherent environmental & economic challenges with fossil fuel consumption and the first-generation biodiesel feedstocks composed of edible oils; considerable academic/industrial focus has been given for identification of suitable alternative non-edible oil-bearing plant species like ornamental tree 'Cordia sebestena' that is less explored in terms of its seed oil potential, as suitable feed stocks for biodiesel production via transesterification as well as the limitations associated with the conventionally used homogeneous alkaline catalysts are well documented and can be briefly outlined as: their tendencies for saponification in the presence of the trace amount of free fatty acids and/or moisture present in oils, difficulties encountered in separating/purifying them from the resultant mixture, production of several volumes of environmentally undesirable wastewater during neutralization and washing phases, and lack of recovery and reuse in subsequent cycles. All these aspects negatively impact on economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of the large scale biodiesel production and necessitate a conceptual paradigm shift towards designing and developing systematic optimization of alternative heterogeneous catalysts, based on metal oxides, mixed oxide systems, calcium-rich wastes, biochar, or engineered nanostructured supports, having superior catalytic stability, enhanced surface basicity/acidity, more porosity and surface area, greater reusability, etc. Thus, in this conceptual paper, the establishment of a comprehensive theoretical framework, integrating heterogeneous catalysis surface-reaction theory and green chemistry, for studying and determining the relationships between varying physicochemical properties of candidate catalysts-such as crystalline nature, pore size and structure, density of active sites etc.- and optimize them using statistical approach of Response Surface Methodology, and/or other statistical design of experiments, in an effort to achieve the maximum yield and conversion to FAMEs from Cordia sebestena oil and simultaneously bridging the current knowledge gap on empirical and/or theoretical linkages between under-explored feedstocks like Cordia sebestena oil and development of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production, eventually to be evolved to a conceptual model where catalyst synthesis & characterization is integrated with optimization of reaction parameters and catalysts reusability.

Through testamentary succession a person can put an end to the rules of intestacy and ensure that his property is distributed according to his wishes. In India, this freedom to distribute one's property after his/her demise is governed by a complex, layered system of laws, which include, the Indian Succession Act 1925, the Hindu Succession Act 1956, uncodified Muslim personal law, law of evidence, and the Registration Act 1908. This paper, taking a doctrinal approach, discusses what is valid will, restrictions placed on testamentary freedom under different personal-law systems, and the legal standards of proof to be established before a court. Analysing statutes and leading Supreme Court decisions including H. Venkatachala Iyengar v B.N. Thimmajamma, Jaswant Kaur v Amrit Kaur, Derek A.C. Lobo v Ulric M.A. Lobo and John Vallamattom v Union of India. The courts frequently differentiate between the validity of a will and its truth, mandating that the propounded disprove any necessary circumstance; registration and attestation do not inherently dispel doubt. Testamentary freedom is unqualified for Christians, Hindus and Parsis, but is restricted to one-third in the case of Muslims. The report concludes that will law is fundamentally settled but actually contestable. It proposes that they will be more precisely distinguished and that safe deposit and registration be enlarged and that old testators be protected.

Quick commerce (Q-commerce) represents a new phase of digital retail in which frequently purchased products are delivered to consumers within a very short time, generally through geographically distributed micro-fulfilment facilities and hyperlocal delivery networks. In India, the rapid expansion of Q-commerce has been supported by smartphone adoption, digital payments, urban concentration of demand, platform-based logistics and changing expectations of convenience. This paper examines the principal drivers, consumer implications, operating model, opportunities and challenges associated with Q-commerce in India. The study uses a qualitative exploratory design based on secondary evidence from peer-reviewed research, industry reports, policy documents and authoritative institutional sources. The analysis shows that Q-commerce creates value through proximity, assortment optimization, real-time information, data-driven demand forecasting and last-mile coordination, but its growth also creates questions concerning profitability, labour conditions, data governance, urban traffic and environmental externalities. The paper develops an integrated discussion linking consumer value, operational capability, technology, institutional governance and sustainability. It argues that the long-term development of Q-commerce depends not simply on shorter delivery times, but on improving unit economics, worker protections, responsible data practices, resilient fulfilment networks and environmentally efficient last-mile systems. The paper concludes with implications for platforms, policymakers and researchers and identifies directions for future empirical research.

This descriptive study assessed selected anthropometric, body-composition, and physiological indicators among 11 female students aged 18–22 years. The recorded variables included height, body weight, total body fat, visceral fat, body mass index (BMI), body age, blood pressure, and heart rate. All participants had senior-secondary education as their reported educational qualification. Ten participants were from Haryana and one was from Bihar. Five participants belonged to joint families and six to nuclear families; nine were from rural areas and two from urban areas. Ten participants were vegetarian and one was non-vegetarian. The mean height was 157.36 ± 4.26 cm, mean weight was 49.43 ± 5.54 kg, mean BMI was 19.77 ± 2.28 kg/m², mean total body fat was 27.79 ± 4.55%, mean visceral fat was 1.75 ± 1.16, mean systolic blood pressure was 110.36 ± 9.58 mmHg, mean diastolic blood pressure was 75.00 ± 11.82 mmHg, and mean heart rate was 82.64 ± 11.89 beats per minute. The findings provide a preliminary descriptive profile of the participants and may be useful for planning health, nutrition, physical-activity, and ergonomic-awareness programs. Because the sample was small and non-random, the results should not be generalized to all female students.

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated, inflammatory dermatological disorder that presents unique psychosocial, hormonal, and quality-of-life challenges for female patients. While individualized homoeopathy is commonly utilized for chronic dermatosis, there is a lack of focused clinical data regarding the specific therapeutic outcomes of primary constitutional remedies within female cohorts.
Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of four major individualized homoeopathic medicines—Sulphur, Pulsatilla, Sepia, and Graphites—in the management of psoriasis in female patients.
Methods: A prospective, observational clinical study was conducted over a period of 12 months. A sample size of 60 female participants diagnosed with chronic plaque psoriasis were enrolled based on predefined selection criteria. Individualized prescriptions of Sulphur, Pulsatilla, Sepia, or Graphites were selected using classic homoeopathic principles, accounting for the patients' physical, mental, and miasmatic totals. Therapeutic outcomes were evaluated periodically using the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) and the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) scores at baseline and subsequent follow-ups. Data were statistically analyzed using a paired t-test.
Results: Out of the 60 participants enrolled, a statistically significant reduction in the mean baseline PASI and DLQI scores was observed at the conclusion of the 12-month treatment period (p < 0.05). Significant objective improvements were documented in plaque scaling, erythema, and infiltration. Among the evaluated remedies, Sepia and Pulsatilla were frequently indicated in cases showing marked hormonal correlations, while Sulphur and Graphites demonstrated high efficacy in patients presenting severe metabolic skin alterations and intense pruritus. No severe medicinal aggravations or adverse toxicological events were reported.

The dimension of our study includes east Godavari district for REE mineralization where secondary geochemical dispersion, geophysical and geological signatures acts as catalyst in the creation of mineral potential map at the scale of one toposheet. to understand the regional and local variation in the data integration this attempt was made. on the regional scale agnigundla basemetal belt and surrounding area was considered for mineral potential mapping to understand the extension of mineral belt.
The study area for copper mineralization forms a part of the Agnigundala Mineral Belt located in the northern most corner of Nallamalai Fold Belt. The Agnigundala Mineralised Belt is known for its base metal potentiality. Bandlamottu Pb-mines is a fine example of base metal mineralization.
The area for REE mineralization is occupied by the rocks of Khondalite, Charnockite and Migmatites Groups of Eastern Ghats Supergroup in the north, overlain by Tirupathi Formation of East Coast / Gondwana of Gondwana Supergroup, Deccan-Trap, Rajahmundry Sandstone towards southern part and Krishna-Godavari Formation towards southwest The Khondalite Group is represented by khondalite, which occupies the northern part of the area. Khondalite is observed around Mellisala, Gopalpuram and Tirumalayyapalem. It is chiefly of garnet-sillimanite + graphite gneiss and contains a few thin impersistent bands of quartzite at places. Intermediate charnockite and hypersthene granite/acid charnockite comprising the charnockite Group occur as minor bodies. The Migmatite Group is made up of garnetiferous quartzo feldspathic gneiss and manganiferous quartzo-feldspathic rocks which are derived from the former due influx of quartzo feldspathic injections and observed near Rajavaram, korukonda and Srirangapatam.

In 21st-century globalization, data and technology have transformed into new geopolitical instruments. This research paper analyses how India is shaping a novel and powerful paradigm of digital diplomacy by leveraging its Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI), particularly the Unified Payments Interface (UPI). While Western nations treat technology as a tool for monopoly and profit (Digital Neo-colonialism), and China utilizes it for debt traps and surveillance, India has presented a secure, affordable, and transparent "third alternative" for the Global South. Grounded in Joseph Nye’s theory of "Soft Power" and Alexander Wendt’s "Social Constructivism," this study establishes that by treating technology as a "Global Public Good," India is imparting a new direction to South-South Cooperation. The international expansion of UPI not only shields developing nations from the "weaponization of finance" and grants them strategic autonomy, but it also lays the foundation for an equitable and multipolar digital world order.

This study evaluates the financial stability, operational efficiency, and earning performance of commercial banks using the supervisory CAMEL (Capital Adequacy, Asset Quality, Management Efficiency, Earnings Quality, and Liquidity) framework. Utilizing balanced panel data across ten leading public and private sector commercial banks over a ten-year observation period (2014–2024, N = 100 bank-year observations), the study identifies the primary balance-sheet determinants of bank profitability. Employing Pooled Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Fixed Effects (FE) panel estimation, and robustness checks via Random Effects (RE), the empirical findings indicate that asset quality (measured by Net Non-Performing Assets) and management efficiency (measured by the Cost-to-Income Ratio) exert statistically significant negative effects on Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE). In contrast, well-capitalized institutions operating with optimized credit-to-deposit ratios sustain superior net interest margins. The paper provides actionable managerial insights regarding forward-looking credit underwriting, dynamic loan provisioning, and risk-weighted capital allocation.

Corporate tax planning is an important component of financial management because taxation directly affects corporate cash flows, investment capacity and after-tax profitability. This study examines the conceptual and empirical relationship between corporate tax planning and firm performance in the Indian corporate sector. The proposed study focuses on ten selected Indian listed companies and covers FY2020–21 to FY2024–25. Corporate tax planning is measured using Effective Tax Rate (ETR), Cash Effective Tax Rate (Cash ETR) and Book-Tax Difference (BTD), while firm performance is measured through Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE) and, where appropriate, Tobin's Q. Firm size, leverage, sales growth, capital intensity and firm age are included as control variables. The study integrates agency theory, stakeholder theory and tax-planning perspectives and proposes a panel regression framework. Existing Indian evidence indicates that effective tax rates vary with profitability, firm size, growth, leverage, asset tangibility and non-debt tax shields, while recent research finds that the performance consequences of tax avoidance depend on governance and ownership structures. The study therefore treats tax planning as a conditional financial strategy rather than assuming that a lower tax burden automatically improves performance.

Rauwolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz., commonly known as Sarpagandha, is an important medicinal plant of the family Apocynaceae, widely used in traditional systems of medicine, particularly Ayurveda, for the management of neurological, cardiovascular, and mental disorders. Classical Ayurvedic texts describe Sarpagandha as being indicated in Vata-vyadhi, Unmada, Apasmara, Anidra, and Visa, owing to its Tikta rasa, Rukṣa guna, Usna virya, and Katu vipaka. Ethnomedicinally, the plant has been used for the treatment of snake bites, insomnia, insanity, hypertension, and various systemic disorders.
Phytochemical investigations reveal the presence of more than eighty indole alkaloids, including reserpine, ajmaline, yohimbine, and serpentine, which are responsible for its wide spectrum of pharmacological activities. Modern experimental and in silico studies have demonstrated antihypertensive, sedative, antipsychotic, cardioprotective, hypolipidaemic, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrhoeal, and neuroprotective properties of Rauwolfia serpentina. Notably, reserpine established the plant as the world’s first plant-derived antihypertensive drug, marking a milestone in cardiovascular therapeutics.This review comprehensively highlights the ethnomedicinal importance, Ayurvedic perspective, phytochemistry, and pharmacological potential of Rauwolfia serpentina, supporting its relevance in evidence-based integrative medicine and future phytopharmaceutical development.

Nardostachys jatamansi, commonly referred to as Spikenard, is a rare, perennial herbaceous species indigenous to the high-altitude alpine regions of the Himalayas. Historically significant in diverse traditional medicinal frameworks—including Ayurveda, Homeopathy, and the Indian System of Medicine (ISM)—this rhizomatous plant is increasingly recognized for its multifaceted pharmacological potential in contemporary medicine. This article reviews the botanical classification, complex chemical composition, and therapeutic activities of N. jatamansi. The plant is rich in bioactive sesquiterpenes, such as jatamansone, nardal, and patchouli alcohol, alongside various phenols and flavonoids. Extensive experimental studies demonstrate that N. jatamansi extracts possess significant antioxidant, anti-stress, and anticonvulsant properties. Notably, the plant exhibits neuroprotective effects, enhancing memory function in neurodegenerative models and reducing ischemic damage in cerebral palsy simulations. Furthermore, its antiproliferative effects in breast cancer cells and its clinical efficacy in managing Stage 1 hypertension underscore its potential as a versatile therapeutic agent.

Buthūr-i-Labaniyya, commonly identified with acne vulgaris, is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the pilosebaceous unit characterized by comedones, papules, pustules and, in more severe cases, nodules and scarring. In the Unani System of Medicine, Buthūr-i-Labaniyya has traditionally been discussed under the broader concepts of Mizāj, Akhlāṭ, Mādda, digestion and the movement and elimination of abnormal matter. Classical Unani physicians described the condition as a cutaneous manifestation associated with altered bodily matter and localized accumulation within the skin. This narrative review examines the classical Unani understanding of Buthūr-i-Labaniyya alongside contemporary knowledge of acne pathogenesis and critically evaluates the available evidence on Unani management. Classical texts, including Al-Qānūn fī al-Ṭibb, Al-Ḥāwī fī al-Ṭibb, Kitāb al-Fākhir and later Unani pharmacological and dermatological works, were considered together with published clinical studies and experimental investigations. Particular attention was given to the concepts of Balgham, Mādda, Saddah, Tajfīf, Tahlīl and Jālī, as well as individual medicinal plants and compound formulations used traditionally for acne. Available clinical studies of preparations such as Tila-i-Muhāsā, Zimād-i-Muhāsā, Itrifal Shāhtra, Sharbat-i-Unnāb and Laṭūkh suggest potential therapeutic benefit, but the evidence remains limited by small sample sizes, short treatment periods, heterogeneous formulations and variable methodological quality. The traditional concepts may provide useful hypotheses for further investigation, but they should not be regarded as direct equivalents of established modern pathological mechanisms. Future research should focus on standardized formulations, adequately powered randomized clinical trials, validated outcome measures, mechanistic investigations and long-term safety assessment.

Education in India has often been characterized as having a breadth of access, a range in opportunities, distinction in scholarship and an engagement in social and public issues. Yet there are large segments of population who remain excluded from the benefit of education. This is especially true for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, minorities, women and other deprived communities. At present the country is facing several challenges in education such as problem of illiteracy, educational inequality, imbalances in the growth of educational institutions, etc. In the present research paper discussed emerging challenges and new initiatives in the Indian Education System.

AQI crisis in India is one of the most challenging issues among the nation in the current scenario, which badly affects social harmony and public health as well in many dimensions. Across the nation air pollution has turned into a severe and protracted problem has a profound impact on people's social life along with physical and mental health degradation. This paper concludes the social and mental fallout of India's air pollution crisis with policy recommendations. Poor air quality affects every day social behavior, social harmony along with the psychological states such as anxiety, depression and cognitive decline. In this research work sociological theories, health surveys and recent events are used. India's air pollution problem related suggestions are also provided here to deal with social and psychological challenges.

Psidium guajava (L.), commonly known as guava, is a tropical fruit plant belonging to the family Myrtaceae and is widely cultivated in countries such as India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and South America. Guava leaves contain a wide range of biologically active phytochemicals, including flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and tannins. Major constituents reported in the leaves include quercetin, avicularin, apigenin, guaijaverin, kaempferol, hyperin, myricetin, gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, chlorogenic acid, epigallocatechin gallate, and caffeic acid.
Various studies have demonstrated that guava leaf extracts possess several pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, anticancer, hepatoprotective, and lipid-lowering effects. These beneficial properties are mainly attributed to the presence of diverse phytoconstituents present in the leaves. Therefore, guava leaves have considerable potential for use in pharmaceutical and functional food preparations. However, further experimental and clinical studies are required to establish their therapeutic efficacy and safety.

Oryza sativa L. (Jeerakashala rice), a traditional aromatic rice variety widely cultivated in Kerala, is a natural source of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds with potential cosmetic benefits. The present study focuses on the preparation and evaluation of Jeerakashala rice powder as a natural exfoliating agent for lip scrub formulation. The rice grains were processed, dried, and finely powdered to obtain a suitable exfoliating material. The prepared rice powder was incorporated into a lip scrub formulation along with natural moisturizing and nourishing ingredients. The formulation was evaluated for appearance, colour, odour, texture, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, washability, exfoliating ability, and stability. The fine particles of rice powder are expected to assist in the gentle removal of dead and dry skin cells while the other natural ingredients help maintain lip softness and moisture. The study highlights the potential of Jeerakashala rice powder as a simple, economical, and naturally derived exfoliating ingredient for cosmetic lip-care applications.

Beta vulgaris L. (Beetroot) is a natural source of betalains, antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, and other bioactive compounds with potential cosmetic benefits. The present study focuses on the preparation and evaluation of beetroot powder as a natural colourant in lip scrub formulation. Fresh beetroot was processed, dried, and finely powdered to obtain a suitable natural colouring material. The prepared beetroot powder was incorporated into a lip scrub formulation along with natural exfoliating, moisturizing, and nourishing ingredients. The formulation was evaluated for appearance, colour, odour, texture, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, washability, exfoliating ability, and stability. The betalain pigments present in beetroot powder are expected to impart a natural reddish-pink colour to the formulation, while its antioxidant constituents may provide additional cosmetic benefits. The study highlights the potential of beetroot powder as a simple, economical, and naturally derived colouring ingredient for cosmetic lip-care applications.

The scientific significance of the data presented in this article lies in the fact that they form the basis for the development of a technology for producing activated carbon adsorbents by modifying walnut and almond shells and using the resulting adsorbent for the purification of metals and wastewater from metallurgical plants. The practical significance of these results lies in the development of an industrial technology for producing activated carbon adsorbents from local agricultural waste and their use in industrial wastewater treatment.

Averrhoa bilimbi Linn. is a tropical medicinal plant widely cultivated in many tropical and subtropical regions due to its therapeutic potential. Traditionally, different parts of the plant have been used in the management of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, microbial infections, and several other health conditions. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemical constituents, and pharmacological properties of A. bilimbi by correlating traditional knowledge with available scientific evidence. Information was compiled from peer-reviewed publications indexed in scientific databases such as PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, and ScienceDirect, with emphasis on studies published between 1995 and 2015. Experimental investigations have demonstrated that A. bilimbi possesses a broad spectrum of biological activities, including antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, and thrombolytic effects. These findings support its traditional use and highlight its significance as a promising source of bioactive phytochemicals for complementary and alternative medicine. Despite extensive pharmacological research, the specific compounds responsible for many of these therapeutic effects have not yet been fully isolated or characterized. Further studies employing advanced phytochemical and molecular techniques are therefore warranted to identify the active constituents, elucidate their mechanisms of action, and establish their clinical efficacy and safety. This study highlights the promise of A. bilimbi for future drug discovery and development while consolidating the present understanding of the organism.

Values form the very essence of Indian society. While modern man is making rapid strides of progress in every field, he often experiences a sense of deficiency, stress, frustration, or dissatisfaction in life. This stems from the fact that he has gradually lost sight of his values. Values serve as a pathway leading humans toward an elevated life; a society and culture grounded in such values establish a unique identity on the global stage. The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 highlights three key categories of values: human and ethical values, constitutional values, and social-global values. Instilling these values in children from an early age paves the way for the creation of exemplary citizens. Teachers play a foundational role in this process of value formation, as they are often the first role models a child encounters in school. The NEP 2020 places significant emphasis on value-based education and the role of teacher training. To this end, a four-year integrated B.Ed. degree is set to become the minimum qualification for school teachers by 2030. In the modern era, teacher training is essential for acquiring new knowledge and diverse skills. Value-based education enables the new generation to integrate social values with technological advancement, making teacher training indispensable. The NEP 2020 places special emphasis on the holistic development of students and 360-degree assessment through innovative teaching methods. Only when teachers are personally grounded in values can they shape the character of children for the nation's bright future. Thus, a teacher acts as a guide, a mentor and a role model of life's ideals, leading the child toward success through education.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is emerging as one of the most important technologies transforming the financial sector. The rapid growth of machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing, predictive analytics, computer vision, robotic process automation and generative artificial intelligence has changed the way financial institutions collect information, assess risk, serve customers and make financial decisions. Banks, insurance companies, investment firms, fintech companies and regulatory institutions are increasingly using AI for credit assessment, fraud detection, anti-money laundering, customer service, investment analysis, algorithmic trading, risk management and regulatory compliance.
This research article examines the major opportunities, challenges and future directions associated with the application of AI in finance. The study follows a conceptual and descriptive research design and is based primarily on secondary data collected from academic research papers, books, reports of international financial institutions, regulatory publications and government sources. Recent literature and institutional reports published mainly during 2020–2026 are reviewed to identify major developments and emerging research themes. The analysis indicates that AI can improve operational efficiency, reduce processing costs, strengthen fraud detection, support more accurate credit assessment, personalise financial services, improve investment decisions and strengthen regulatory compliance. At the same time, AI creates significant concerns relating to data quality, privacy, cybersecurity, algorithmic bias, lack of explainability, model risk, hallucinations in generative AI, third-party technology dependence and potential systemic financial risks.
The study concludes that the future of AI in finance depends not only on technological innovation but also on responsible governance, human oversight, high-quality data, explainable models, cybersecurity and appropriate regulation. The future direction is likely to involve greater integration of generative AI, AI agents, real-time analytics and intelligent automation. Financial institutions should therefore adopt a balanced approach that combines technological innovation with accountability, transparency, consumer protection and financial stability.

Paul Michel Foucault was born in Poitiers, France, on October 15, 1926. He passed away in Paris on June 25, 1984, at the age of 57. Foucault stands as one of the most influential intellectual figures of the twentieth century. A philosopher, historian of ideas, social theorist, and literary critic, he held the Chair of the History of Systems of Thought at the prestigious Collège de France, where he taught from 1970 until his death. His oeuvre rigorously interrogates the relationship between power and knowledge, demonstrating how these forces intertwine and operate as instruments of social control through institutional practices. Although frequently associated with post-structuralism and postmodernism, Foucault himself rejected such categorizations, preferring to describe his intellectual project as a critical history of modernity. The reach of his ideas extended far beyond academic circles, shaping not only philosophical and social scientific discourse but also inspiring political movements and activist initiatives, which drew upon his analyses to challenge mechanisms of domination and articulate strategies of resistance. This article offers a concise overview of Foucault’s work in commemoration of the centenary of his birth.

This survey examined prospects and challenges of entrepreneurship education in public universities in Rivers State, Nigeria. The aim was to ascertain the challenges and prospects of entrepreneurship education in public universities domiciled in Rivers State drawing insights from an empirical review of extant literature. The empirical review of existing literature identified key challenges of entrepreneurship education as inadequate funding, poor infrastructural facilities, shortage of qualified instructors, a disconnect between theory and practical knowledge, poor integration of digital and innovation-based skills and weak collaboration between industry stakeholders and tertiary institutions. Despite these challenges, this study, revealed venture creation and employment generation as prospects of entrepreneurship education. Consequent on this, this study concludes that entrepreneurship education promises a self-reliant future, it holds strong developmental prospects in public universities in Rivers State and serves as a viable scheme for addressing unemployment in Rivers State, Nigeria. Therefore, this study recommended that a more robust curriculum development on entrepreneurship, stronger university-industry collaboration/partnership, adequate funding, adoption of practical and experiential learning methods, integration of technology into work and strengthened entrepreneurial policies and frameworks.

In India, it is common perception that doing domestic work is below dignity. Although performance of household chores also require skill but they fall under unorganised sector. Domestic workers do not have any protection under the current labour legislations as domestic workers belong to unorganised sector. The domestic work is performed in “private households” which is not covered by professional definition of industry to which labour laws could apply. Similarly, a special statute has been enacted to target entire unorganised sector workers known as “the Unorganised Workers Social Security Act, 2008”. This Act has included domestic workers under the unorganised sector. But this Act has not defined domestic workers specifically. This, Act provides benefit to workers by some schemes mentioned in Schedule-I. One such scheme is the Rashtriya Swasth Bima Yojana (RSBY). Several attempts have been made so far to enact a comprehensive law for domestic workers but all attempts have failed. It started from the earliest attempt in the form of the Domestic Worker (Conditions of Service) Bill, 1959. The latest attempt in this this direction was the Domestic Workers (Regulation of Work and Social Security) Bill, 2017. Also, recently, the government has formulated four Labour Codes i.e., the Code on Wages, 2019, the Code on Industrial Relations, 2020, the Code on Social Security, 2020, the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code 2020. These codes aim at securing protection to workers including unorganised workers. Further, the All-India Survey on Domestic Workers is being conducted by the Labour Bureau, Chandigarh under the directions of the Ministry of Labour and Employment. Only after the enactment of special legislation for domestic workers will get proper safeguard and recognition of rights.

Indian juvenile justice law does not treat a child who has come into conflict with law as an adult offender in miniature. The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 requires the State to respond to the act committed, but in a manner that keeps the child’s development, dignity and capacity for reform in view. Observation homes, special homes and places of safety are the institutional instruments of that response. Custody within such an institution, however, is not rehabilitation in itself. Rehabilitation is achieved only when the period of placement is used for education, counselling, health care, employable skills, work with the family and structured after-care. This article examines the statutory framework, tests institutional practice against it, identifies the recurring gaps between law and delivery, and proposes measures to make institutional care serve its declared purpose: the safe and lasting return of the child to society.

The abstract will introduce Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as a social reformer, intellectual, political leader, and the central figure in the anti-caste movement in twentieth-century India. The paper will examine how Ambedkar transformed the struggle against caste oppression from a social reform issue into a movement based on rights, dignity, representation, and equality. The study will analyse major movements, political interventions, writings, and the historical transition from colonial caste structures to constitutional guarantees of social justice. The period 1920–1956 covers Ambedkar’s emergence as a leader of the Depressed Classes, major movements such as Mahad Satyagraha, political negotiations such as the Poona Pact, and his conversion to Buddhism. The Poona Pact of 1932 was a major turning point in debates over political representation of the Depressed Classes. The Mahad Satyagraha of 1927 represented Ambedkar’s attempt to challenge caste-based exclusion from public resources and assert human dignity.